“…low visibility due to smoke, complex buildings, threats). In some of these environments, training is presented as a game: proper responses are assigned better scores and the completion of one scenario allows trainees to access new, more challenging levels of the game (Backlund, Engstrom, Hammar, Johannesson, & Lebram, 2007;Chittaro & Ranon, 2009;Smith & Trenholme, 2009). Studies of the effectiveness of virtual training have obtained satisfactory results in performance within the virtual environment (Backlund et al, 2007;Mol et al, 2008;Tate et al, 1997;Toups et al, 2011), in one case affected by prior expertise with similar computer environments (Smith & Trenholme, 2009).…”