“…Furthermore, while emerging evidence suggest that some channel family-specific auxiliary subunits have the ability to regulate ion channels from other superfamilies, such as the Na + channel auxiliary subunits Na v β modulating voltage-gated K + channels (Marionneau et al, 2012; Calhoun and Isom, 2014), this feature is extended and even exacerbated in σ1R. In particular, σ1R regulates via direct protein-protein interactions the functions of all VGIC superfamilies (i.e., Na + , Ca 2+ , and K + families) and classes (i.e., ligand-gated ion channels, e.g., NMDA receptors, NMDARs; and G protein-coupled receptors, e.g., dopamine receptors, DARs) (reviewed in Crottès et al, 2013; Kourrich, 2017; Soriani and Rapetti-Mauss, 2017; Schmidt and Kruse, 2019). This unique characteristic positions σ1R as a powerful regulator of various cellular functions and neuronal excitability.…”