Signal detection analyses of repetition blindness.

Kanwisher, Nancy; Kim, Jin Woo; Wickens, Thomas D.

doi:10.1037/0096-1523.22.5.1249

Cited by 42 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…A signal-detection analysis was conducted in order to obtain estimates of performance independent of guessing or response biases. A high-threshold alpha model was used to estimate sensitivity, since its assumptions were found to fit the data of previous RSVP detection experiments better than the Gaussian d ¢ model (Kanwisher, Kim, & Wickens, 1996). In addition, the alpha model is more in accord with the subjective reports of most of the participants that they knew the order on some of the trials but on most they did not and had to guess.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 72%

The midstream order deficit

Holcombe

Treisman

Kanwisher

2001

Perception & Psychophysics

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Warren, Obusek, Farmer, and Warren (1969) reported a striking inability of listeners to perceive the relative order of a sequence of four sounds presented repeatedly, despite their fairly accurate performance when the sequence was presented only once. Their participants first heard the four sounds separately and learned a name for each. Then they were told that the four sounds would be presented in a particular order repeatedly and that afterwards they would be asked to report the correct relative order. A correct relative order report could begin with any one of the four sounds. For example, if buzz-beep-hiss-boop was presented over and over, hiss-boop-buzz-beep would be one correct response. The sounds were played for 200 msec each, with no interstimulus interval, and the sequence was repeated continuously without pauses between repetitions. The sequence ended when the participants were ready to respond. However, they felt that they could not apprehend the order, no matter how long they listened, and, in fact, their performance was not significantly different from chance. In contrast, another group of participants to whom the sequence was presented just once, instead of multiple times, performed significantly better than chance.In the three present experiments, we first demonstrate a similar effect with visual stimuli and then test several candidate explanations for the effect. Our results suggest that poor performance with cycling sequences is not simply due to a greater difficulty in perceiving the individual items; rather, cycling causes a problem that is specific to the apprehension of order. In particular, we found that the accuracy of order judgments was correlated with the degree to which an identifiable item was perceptually distinct from the preceding items. We suggest that this was due to a difficulty in rapidly initiating order encoding without having a salient perceptual event. EXPERIMENT 1 Visual Letters With Single Versus Multiple PresentationThis experiment documents conditions in which accuracy at judging relative order is lower for repeated presentations than for a single presentation of a sequence. We roughly equated forward and backward masking in the This research was supported by NIH Grant MH45245 to N.K., NSF Grant SBR-9511633 to A.T., an NIMH NRSA graduate fellowship to A.O.H., and NIH Grant EY092582 to Patrick Cavanagh. We are indebted to Rik Henson for sharing his knowledge of theories of shortterm order memory. We thank Etienne Benson, Jared Bush, and Damian Stanley for their help in conducting the experiments, and Charles Stromeyer, Patrick Cavanagh, and two anonymous reviewers for their useful comments on earlier manuscripts. Portions of this research were reported at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, 1996, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, The relative order of an auditory sequence can be more difficult to apprehend when it is presented repeatedly without pause (i.e., cycling) than when it is presented only once (Warren, Obusek, Farmer, & Warren, ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 72%

The midstream order deficit

Holcombe

Treisman

Kanwisher

2001

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…For example, the system recognises that the word Bcat^was presented but fails to individuate the two separate presentations. While other explanations for RB have been suggested, such as typenode refractory period (Luo & Caramazza, 1996), and response-level and memory-based explanations (Fagot & Pashler, 1995), these have since been refuted (Chun & Cavanagh, 1997;Kanwisher, Kim, & Wickens, 1996), and thus the type-token individuation failure remains the prevailing explanation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are two main motivations for this. First, previous research has shown that RB entails a true change in perceptual sensitivity, rather than just a change in response criterion (Kanwisher et al, 1996). Thus, if the results are related to mechanisms implicating RB, they should be related to changes in perceptual sensitivity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Categorical information influences conscious perception: An interaction between object-substitution masking and repetition blindness

Goodhew

Greenwood

Edwards

2016

Atten Percept Psychophys

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The visual system is constantly bombarded with dynamic input. In this context, the creation of enduring object representations presents a particular challenge. We used object-substitution masking (OSM) as a tool to probe these processes. In particular, we examined the effect of target-like stimulus repetitions on OSM. In visual crowding, the presentation of a physically identical stimulus to the target reduces crowding and improves target perception, whereas in spatial repetition blindness, the presentation of a stimulus that belongs to the same category (type) as the target impairs perception. Across two experiments, we found an interaction between spatial repetition blindness and OSM, such that repeating a same-type stimulus as the target increased masking magnitude relative to presentation of a different-type stimulus. These results are discussed in the context of the formation of object files. Moreover, the fact that the inducer only had to belong to the same Btype^as the target in order to exacerbate masking, without necessarily being physically identical to the target, has important implications for our understanding of OSM per se. That is, our results show the target is processed to a categorical level in OSM despite effective masking and, strikingly, demonstrate that this category-level content directly influences whether or not the target is perceived, not just performance on another task (as in priming).

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“…Search tasks involving designation of a target set (e.g., vowels or two specific letters) in advance of an RSVP list led to a form of repetition blindness in which detection of two occurrences of the same target within a list was less likely than detection of two different targets within a list (Johnston et al, 2002;Kanwisher, Kim, & Wickens, 1996;Park & Kanwisher, 1994). This task has no postlist recall demands and provides no opportunity for reporting biases such as a bias against reporting an identified item more than once.…”

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confidence: 99%

When Words Collide: Facilitation and Interference in the Report of Repeated Words From Rapidly Presented Lists.

Masson¹

2004

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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Inhibited encoding is the basis of some accounts of repetition blindness-impaired report of the second occurrence of a repeated word in a rapidly presented word sequence. The author presents evidence for the claim that repetition effects arise from constructive processes of perception and memory that occur to some extent after the word sequence has been presented. Unpredictable postlist cues prompted subjects to report either the entire list or just the final word in the list. Repetition impaired the report of the second occurrence of a repeated word under full report but facilitated the report of such items when only the final word had to be reported. The author modulated this dissociation by presenting repeated words in sentences rather than unrelated word lists. The sensitivity of the effects of repetition to postlist cues supports a construction rather than an encoding inhibition account of repetition blindness.Perception and memory of events have been characterized by some as acts of construction or reconstruction (

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Signal detection analyses of repetition blindness.

Cited by 42 publications

References 30 publications

The midstream order deficit

The midstream order deficit

Categorical information influences conscious perception: An interaction between object-substitution masking and repetition blindness

When Words Collide: Facilitation and Interference in the Report of Repeated Words From Rapidly Presented Lists.

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