Signal photon flux and background noise in a coupling electromagnetic detecting system for high-frequency gravitational waves

Abstract

A coupling system between Gaussian type-microwave photon flux, static magnetic field and fractal membranes (or other equivalent microwave lenses) can be used to detect high-frequency gravitational waves (HFGWs) in the microwave band. We study the signal photon flux, background photon flux and the requisite minimal accumulation time of the signal in the coupling system. Unlike pure inverse Gertsenshtein effect (G-effect) caused by the HFGWs in the GHz band, the the electromagnetic (EM) detecting scheme (EDS) proposed by China and the US HFGW groups is based on the composite effect of the synchro-resonance effect and the inverse G-effect. Key parameters in the scheme include first-order perturbative photon flux (PPF) and not the second-order PPF; the distinguishable signal is the transverse first-order PPF and not the longitudinal PPF; the photon flux focused by the fractal membranes or other equivalent microwave lenses is not only the transverse first-order PPF but the total transverse photon flux, and these photon fluxes have different signal-to-noise ratios at the different receiving surfaces. Theoretical analysis and numerical estimation show that the requisite minimal accumulation time of the signal at the special receiving surfaces and in the background noise fluctuation would be ∼ 10 3 − 10 5 seconds for the typical laboratory condition and parameters of h r.m.s. ∼ 10 −26 − 10 −30 at 5GHz with bandwidth ∼1Hz. In addition, we review the inverse G-effect in the EM detection of the HFGWs, and it is shown that the EM detecting scheme based only on the pure inverse G-effect in the laboratory condition would not be useful to detect HFGWs in the microwave band. PACS numbers: 04.30Nk, 04.25Nx, 04.30Db, 04.80Nn a

Baryon asymmetry, dark matter, and density perturbation from primordial black holes

“…However, it is recently pointed out by refs. [65][66][67] that a new kind of detector has a capability of detecting high frequency gravitational waves by using the inverse Gertsenshtein effect [68]. In this section, we review the new detection scheme and discuss the possibility of testing our scenario.…”

“…Therefore, in refs. [65][66][67], a new technique is suggested. If one applies 0-th order electromagnetic waves ( E (0) , B (0) ) as a background, a first order signal flux n (1) appears as follows,…”

“…However, by use of optical ingenuities (e.g. a Gaussian beam and a Fractal membrane), one can distinguish n (1) from n (0) [65][66][67]. Thus the noise from n (0) is supposed to be negligible and the condition to detect the signal is estimated as n (1) ∆t > n th ∆t, (6.16) where ∆t is the detection time and n th is the flux of thermal noise.…”

Gravitational waves generated by laser accelerated relativistic ions

“…High-frequency GW detectors were suggested [32][33][34] , which are based on the coupling between gravitational and electromagnetic wave in the presence of background magnetic field (inverse Gertsenshtein effect 35 ). The sensitivity for such detector was estimated to be of the order of h rms ∼ 10 −34 Hz −1/2 , see 32 .…”

Competing Cosmology Models. Can Entropy Production Help Falsify Cyclic Models of Cosmology, or Variants along the Lines Discussed by Roger Penrose at the ICG Conference in Penn State, 2007?

“…The Li-Baker design effort, with its emphasis on a static magnetic field that can be impinged upon by HFGWs has a ready answer to this alleged difficulty. However, the sheer number of contributions to entropy if all ranges of frequencies contribute to GW production in the universe should be considered [34].…”