Signaling Role of Glutamate in Plants

Abstract

It is well known that glutamate (Glu), a neurotransmitter in human body, is a protein amino acid. It plays a very important role in plant growth and development. Nowadays, Glu has been found to emerge as signaling role. Under normal conditions, Glu takes part in seed germination, root architecture, pollen germination, and pollen tube growth. Under stress conditions, Glu participates in wound response, pathogen resistance, response and adaptation to abiotic stress (such as salt, cold, heat, and drought), and local stimulation (abiotic or biotic stress)-triggered long distance signaling transduction. In this review, in the light of the current opinion on Glu signaling in plants, the following knowledge was updated and discussed. 1) Glu metabolism; 2) signaling role of Glu in plant growth, development, and response and adaptation to environmental stress; as well as 3) the underlying research directions in the future. The purpose of this review was to look forward to inspiring the rapid development of Glu signaling research in plant biology, particularly in the field of stress biology of plants.

Comparative Transcriptome, Metabolome, and Ionome Analysis of Two Contrasting Common Bean Genotypes in Saline Conditions

“…While both tissues of Ispir accumulated glutamate, TR43477 tissues accumulated glutamine, which indicates an inequality in the reaction direction for these varieties. Glutamate is essential for stress tolerance as it was demonstrated to support amino-acid synthesis under osmotic stress ( Ramos et al, 2005 ), activate stress tolerance pathways via H 2 O 2 burst ( Lei et al, 2017 ), act as a signaling molecule for stress response pathways ( Kan et al, 2017 ) and regulate the stomatal aperture under low-water conditions ( Yoshida et al, 2016 ; Qiu et al, 2020 ). Glutamate is also necessary for biosynthesis of glutathione, an active compound of antioxidant defense system ( Lu, 2013 ).…”

Differential Production of Phenolics, Lipids, Carbohydrates and Proteins in Stressed and Unstressed Aquatic Plants, Azolla filiculoides and Azolla pinnata

“…In both species, the methionine biosynthesis was reduced. In terrestrial plants, the increased levels in some of these amino acids have previously been shown to be triggered by abiotic stress [ 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 ].…”

Rhizobium-Linked Nutritional and Phytochemical Changes Under Multitrophic Functional Contexts in Sustainable Food Systems

“…This compound is primarily biosynthesized from pyruvate generated from the glycolytic pathway (Chesworth et al, 1998), through the breakdown of photosynthates arising from the Calvin cycle (Michelet et al, 2013). Pyruvate (C 3 H 4 O 3 ) is converted to 2-oxoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate) through the action of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (Qiu et al, 2019). Glutamate is also synthesized through the proline (Pro)/pyrroline 5-carboxylate (P5C) cycle in the plant cytoplasm (Miller et al, 2009;Qiu et al, 2019).…”

“…Pyruvate (C 3 H 4 O 3 ) is converted to 2-oxoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate) through the action of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (Qiu et al, 2019). Glutamate is also synthesized through the proline (Pro)/pyrroline 5-carboxylate (P5C) cycle in the plant cytoplasm (Miller et al, 2009;Qiu et al, 2019). Glutamate is then used in nitrogen acquisition systems.…”