Significance of Carbonates in Irrigation Waters

Eaton, Frank M.

doi:10.1097/00010694-195002000-00004

Cited by 1,001 publications

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“…When the sum of carbonates is in excess of calcium and magnesium, there may be a possibility of complete precipitation of calcium and magnesium (Ragunath 1987). As a result, the relative proportion of sodium in the water is increased in the form of sodium carbonate, and this excess, denoted by RSC, is calculated as follows (Eaton 1950;Ragunath 1987): RSC = (CO 3 2− +HCO 3 − )-(Ca 2+ +Mg 2+ ). The concentration of ions is expressed in meq/L.…”

Section: Residual Sodium Carbonate (Rsc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical characterization and evaluation of groundwater suitability for domestic and agricultural utility in semi-arid region of Basara, Telangana State, South India

2018

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Hydrogeochemical investigations were carried out in semi-arid region of Basara to estimate the quality of groundwater for its suitability for domestic and agricultural purposes. For this region 34 groundwater samples were collected in different locations and analyzed for various ions, viz., Na + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + , Cl − , HCO 3 − , SO 4 2− , CO 3 2− , HCO 3 − , NO 3 − and F − to assess the water chemistry with sodium absorption ratio, %Na, residual sodium carbonate, magnesium hazard. The nitrate and fluoride concentrations were above the maximum permissible limit, while calcium, sodium, potassium and chloride were found below the desirable limits in most of the groundwater samples. The Wilcox diagram illustrates that 59% of the samples belong to excellent to good category, while the US Salinity Laboratory diagram indicates medium salinity/low sodium content in 64.70% of samples. In general, the geochemistry of groundwater in Basara region is influenced by the water rock processes through percolation and dissolution of rock forming minerals, while calculated values of saturation index for Anhydrite, Aragonite, Artinite, Brucite, Calcite, Fluorite, Gypsum, Dolomite and Magnesite of the groundwater samples were less than zero, indicating under-saturation. Chadha rectangular diagram for geochemical classification and hydrochemical processes of groundwater for Basara provinces indicates 50% of Na + -Cl − , 29% of Ca 2+ -Mg 2+ -Cl − and 18% of the water samples concentrate in the category of Na + -HCO 3 − type.

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Section: Residual Sodium Carbonate (Rsc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical characterization and evaluation of groundwater suitability for domestic and agricultural utility in semi-arid region of Basara, Telangana State, South India

2018

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“…The highest value of RSC was 0.36 meq LG 1 . Based on RSC criteria after Eaton, (1950) all groundwater samples were found in 'suitable' class. 0ut of 14 samples, three showed negative values which indicated the dissolved Ca ++ and Mg ++ contents were higher than CO 3 G and HCO 3 G contents for these three samples.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Groundwater Quality in A Selected Area of Bangladesh

.¹,

Hakim²,

Alam³

et al. 2000

Pakistan J. of Biological Sciences

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Abstract:A study was conducted to evaluate the groundwater quality at Phulpur thane of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh. Water samples from 14 deep tubewells were analyzed for pH, EC, TDS, Na + , K + , Ca ++ , Mg ++ , Fe, P, B, NO 3 -N, SO 4 G, ClG, CO 3 G and HCO 3 G. In addition SAR, SSP and RSC were calculated following standard equations. The range of EC was 180-380 μScmG 1 and SAR 0.22-0.80 and these two parameters indicated that three samples were in 'low salinity-low alkali' and 11 were in 'medium salinity-low alkali' hazard class. There was no chloride toxicity in the area. The presence of SO 4 G, NO 3 G and P were negligible. As regards boron and SSP, all waters were of 'good' to 'excellent' class. In respect of TDS all were 'fresh water'. On the basis of RSC values all samples were of 'suitable' class. As a whole, groundwater of the area can safely be used for long-term irrigation. But some of those may not be suitable for drinking and industrial uses in consideration of Fe concentration, TDS and pH values. Among the quality determining factors SSP and SAR were highly correlated where correlation coefficient was 0.97.

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“…The water having higher carbonate and bicarbonate concentration than the alkaline earth mainly calcium and magnesium concentration, diminishes the water quality and affects agriculture unfavourably (Eaton 1950;Richards 1954). RSC can be computed using the following formula, where ions were expressed in meq/l: If RSC < 1.25 meq/l, the water is considered safe.…”

Section: Residual Sodium Carbonate (Rsc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the empirical approaches is based on the assumption that all Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ precipitate as carbonate. Considering this hypothesis, (Eaton 1950), proposed the concept of residual sodium carbonate (RSC) for the assessment of high carbonate waters. The water with high RSC has high pH and land irrigated with such water becomes infertile owing…”

Section: Residual Sodium Carbonate (Rsc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrochemical characteristics and spatial analysis of groundwater quality in parts of Bundelkhand Massif, India

Ali

2018

Appl Water Sci

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The tribulations of water quality have become more serious than the quantity, as the environmental evils are getting more severe day by day in different parts of the world. Large number of components like soil, geology, sewage disposal, effluents and other environmental conditions in which the water tends to reside or move and interact with ground and biological characteristics, greatly persuade the groundwater quality. Therefore, hydrochemical study has been carried out graphically and spatially in GIS environment in part of Bundelkhand Massif. The hydrochemical study exposes the water quality by measuring the concentration of parameters and comparing them with the drinking water and irrigation standards. Groundwater samples have been collected and analysed for physiochemical characteristics in order to understand the hydrochemistry of the water. The results revealed that ground water is alkaline in nature and total hardness observed in all samples falls under moderately hard to very hard category. At some places higher concentration of Cl − could be dangerous from health point of view. Major hydrochemical facies were identified using Piper Trilinear diagram and Durov diagrams, etc. Analysis of different determinations such as sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate and per cent sodium revealed that most of the samples are unsuitable for irrigation. It was also observed that the quality of groundwater was not suitable for drinking purpose in industrial and irrigation area. In the area, few sampling sites showed unsuitability because of influences of urban and industrial waste discharge, aquifer material mineralogy, other anthropogenic activities and increased human interventions.

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Significance of Carbonates in Irrigation Waters

Cited by 1,001 publications

References 0 publications

Geochemical characterization and evaluation of groundwater suitability for domestic and agricultural utility in semi-arid region of Basara, Telangana State, South India

Geochemical characterization and evaluation of groundwater suitability for domestic and agricultural utility in semi-arid region of Basara, Telangana State, South India

Assessment of Groundwater Quality in A Selected Area of Bangladesh

Hydrochemical characteristics and spatial analysis of groundwater quality in parts of Bundelkhand Massif, India

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