Significant association between outdoor NO2 and respiratory symptoms in preschool children

Rutishauser, M; Ackermann, Ute; Braun, C.; Gnehm, H. P.; Wanner, Hans

doi:10.1007/bf02718151

Cited by 29 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…m -3 ) outdoors and the incidence of respiratory symptoms among Swiss children aged 0±5 yrs. RUTISHAUSER et al [11] found, in the same age group of Swiss children, a Table 3. ± The seasonal prevalence rates (i.e., the proportion of the number of days with symptoms to the number of follow-up days per person) of cough and nasal symptoms in different categories of weekly average NO 2 ) and the respiratory symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Outdoor exposure estimates have usually been based on fixed-site monitoring data or on diffusion sampler measurements outside the home. In two previous studies, in which personal monitoring of the total NO 2 exposure has been used, SAMET et al [8] did not find a significant association between exposure and respiratory illness among children aged <18 months, whereas RUTISHAUSER et al [11] found an increased frequency of respiratory symptoms with increasing NO 2 exposure among children <5 yrs of age.…”

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confidence: 96%

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Sampling of exhaled nitric oxide in children: end-expiratory plateau, balloon and tidal breathing methods compared

Jöbsis¹,

Schellekens²,

Kroesbergen³

et al. 1999

Eur Respir J

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Personally measured weekly exposure to NO 2 and respiratory health among preschool children. K. Mukala, J. Pekkanen, P. Tiittanen, S. Alm, R.O. Salonen, J. Tuomisto. #ERS Journal Ltd 1999. ABSTRACT: Nitrogen dioxide is known as a deep lung irritant. The aim of this study was to find out whether the relatively low ambient air NO 2 concentrations in the northern city of Helsinki had an impact on the respiratory health of children.The association between personal exposure to ambient air NO 2 and respiratory health was investigated in a 13-week follow-up study among 163 preschool children aged 3±6 yrs. Personal weekly average exposure to NO 2 was measured by passive diffusion samplers attached to the outer garments. Symptoms were recorded daily in a diary by the parents. Among 53 children, peak expiratory flow (PEF) was measured at home in the mornings and evenings. The association between NO 2 exposure and respiratory symptoms was examined with Poisson regression.The median personal NO 2 exposure was 21). An increased risk of cough was associated with increasing NO 2 exposure (risk ratio=1.52; 95% confidence interval 1.00±2.31). There was no such association between personal weekly NO 2 exposure and nasal symptoms, but a nonsignificant negative association was found between the exposure and the weekly average deviation in PEF.In conclusion, even low ambient air NO 2 concentrations can increase the risk of respiratory symptoms among preschool children. Eur Respir J 1999; 13: 1411±1417.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Sampling of exhaled nitric oxide in children: end-expiratory plateau, balloon and tidal breathing methods compared

Jöbsis¹,

Schellekens²,

Kroesbergen³

et al. 1999

Eur Respir J

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“…When atopic and nonatopic patients were handled separately, the association with air pollution was unaffected (31,33,34). This suggests that both asthma subpopulations are affected equally by air pollution.…”

Section: Introduction Urban Air Toxicsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Evaluation of a possible association of urban air toxics and asthma.

Leikauf

Kline

Albert

et al. 1995

Environ Health Perspect

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The prevalence of asthma, measured either as the frequency of hospital admissions or number of deaths attributed to asthma, has increased over the last 15 to 20 years. Rapid increases in disease prevalence are more likely to be attributable to environmental than genetic factors. Inferring from past associations between air pollution and asthma, it is feasible that changes in the ambient environment could contribute to this increase in morbidity and mortality. Scientific evaluation of the links between air pollution and the exacerbation of asthma is incomplete, however. Currently, criteria pollutants [SOX, NOW, 03, CO, Pb, particulate matter (PM10)] and other risk factors (exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, volatile organic compounds, etc.) are constantly being evaluated as to their possible contributions to this situation. Data from these studies suggest that increases in respiratory disease are associated with exposures to ambient concentrations of particulate and gaseous pollutants. Similarly, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, also a mixture of particulate and gaseous air toxics, has been associated with an increase in asthma among children. In addition, current associations of adverse health effects with existing pollution measurements are often noted at concentrations below those that produce effects in controlled animal and human exposures to each pollutant alone. These findings imply that adverse responses are augmented when persons are exposed to irritant mixtures of particles and gases and that current measurements of air pollution are, in part, indirect in that the concentrations of criteria pollutants are acting as surrogates of our exposure to a complex mixture. Other irritant air pollutants, including certain urban air toxics, are associated with asthma in occupational settings and may interact with criteria pollutants in ambient air to exacerbate asthma. An evaluation of dose-response information for urban air toxics and biological feasibility as possible contributors to asthma is therefore needed. However, this evaluation is compounded by a lack of information on the concentrations of these compounds in the ambient air and their effects on asthma morbidity and mortality. Through an initial review of the current toxicological literature, we propose a tentative list of 30 compounds that could have the highest impact on asthma and respiratory health. These compounds were selected based on their ability to induce or exacerbate asthma in occupational and nonoccupational settings, their allergic potential and ability to react with biological macromolecules, and lastly, their ability to irritate the respiratory passages. We recommend better documentation of exposure to these compounds through routine air sampling and evaluation of total exposure and further evaluation of biological mechanisms through laboratory and epidemiological studies directed specifically at the role these substances play in the induction and exacerbation of asthma. -Environ Health Perspect 1 03(Suppl 6): 253-271 (1995)

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“…5 In Brazil, time-series studies have assessed the impact of pollutants on population health. 8,17,18 A study performed in the two largest Brazilian cities, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, 8 found that air pollution was associated with both respiratory and cardiovascular health. The number of hospitalizations due to respiratory diseases in children rose as a result of increases in pollution: 1.8% in Rio de Janeiro and 6.7% in São Paulo for 10μg/m 3 increases in PM10 (particulate material with up to 10 micrometers in diameter); yet in São Paulo, 6.7% for 10μg/m 3 increases in SO 2 (sulfur dioxide) and 1.7% for 1ppm increases in CO (carbon monoxide).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efeitos da poluição do ar na função respiratória de escolares, Rio de Janeiro, RJ

et al. 2009

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OBJECTIVE:To assess the association between daily exposure to air pollution and lung function in school children. METHODS:Panel study with a random sample of 118 students (between 6 and 15 years of age), enrolled in a public school of the city of Rio de Janeiro, state of Rio de Janeiro, and living within 2 km of the study site. Data on students' characteristics were obtained with a questionnaire, including the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood -ISAAC. Daily peak expiratory fl ow measurements were taken to measure lung function. Daily data on PM10, SO 2 , O 3 , NO 2 and CO levels, temperature and humidity were provided by a portable monitor. Repeated measurements of lung function were associated with pollutant levels with a multilevel model adjusted for time trend, temperature, air humidity, exposure to smoking at home, presence of asthma, height, sex, weight and age of children. RESULTS:Mean peak expiratory fl ow was 243.5 l/m (sd=58.9). The lowest mean peak expiratory fl ow was 124 l/m, and the highest, 450 l/m. For the 10 μg/m³ increase in PM10, there was a 0.34 l/min decrease in mean peak fl ow on the third day. For the 10 μg/m³ increase in NO 2 , there was a decrease between 0.23 l/min and 0.28 l/min in mean peak fl ow after exposure. CO and SO 2 effects on students' peak fl ow were not statistically signifi cant. O 3 showed a protective result: an increase in 10 μg/m³ of O 3 would be associated, after a day of exposure, with a 0.2 l/min increase in mean lung function. CONCLUSIONS:Even within acceptable levels most of the time, air pollution, especially PM10 and NO 2 , was associated with a decrease in lung function in children living in the city of Rio de Janeiro.

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Significant association between outdoor NO2 and respiratory symptoms in preschool children

Cited by 29 publications

References 3 publications

Sampling of exhaled nitric oxide in children: end-expiratory plateau, balloon and tidal breathing methods compared

Sampling of exhaled nitric oxide in children: end-expiratory plateau, balloon and tidal breathing methods compared

Evaluation of a possible association of urban air toxics and asthma.

Efeitos da poluição do ar na função respiratória de escolares, Rio de Janeiro, RJ

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