Silence of the fathers: Early X inactivation

Cheng, Mimi K.; Distèche, Christine M.

doi:10.1002/bies.20082

Cited by 23 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Could MSCI in mice and humans also leave a similar epigenetic mark behind? In mice, the paternal X chromosome (which was subject to MSCI during spermatogenesis) shows imprinted X inactivation during preimplantation stages, comparable to the situation in C. elegans (Huynh & Lee, 2003;Cheng & Disteche, 2004;Mak et al, 2004). This paternal imprint is subsequently removed in the embryo proper at the time of implantation, allowing the establishment of normal stochastic X inactivation, while the extraembryonic tissues retain the paternal imprint.…”

Section: Potential Wider Implications Of Sex Chromosome Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Spermatogenesis and sex chromosome gene content: An evolutionary perspective

Ellis¹,

Affara²

2006

Human Fertility

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Mammalian sex chromosomes are highly diverged and heteromorphic: a comparatively large and gene-rich X chromosome contrasting with a small, largely heterochromatic and degenerate Y chromosome. Both gonosomes are however uniquely important in male-specific functions such as spermatogenesis. In this review, we examine the evolutionary pressures that have driven the divergence of the sex chromosomes from their ancestral state, and show how these have shaped the gene content of both chromosomes. Their shared history of gene acquisition and loss, differentiation, degeneration and intragenomic warfare has far-reaching consequences for their functionality in spermatogenesis, and may also have potential clinical implications.

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Section: Potential Wider Implications Of Sex Chromosome Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Spermatogenesis and sex chromosome gene content: An evolutionary perspective

Ellis¹,

Affara²

2006

Human Fertility

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“…Xi in female somatic cells and X and Y inactivation (XYi) in male spermatogenesis are developmentally regulated epigenetic events which have revealed insights into the functional role of histone modifications (Cheng and Disteche, 2004;Heard, 2004;Khalil et al, 2004;Okamoto et al, 2004). The female inactive X and the male meiotic inactive sex chromosomes are largely devoid of histone modifications that are usually present in transcriptionally active regions of the genome (Jeppesen and Turner, 1993;Chaumeil et al, 2004;Khalil et al, 2004;Okamoto et al, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histone H3 lysine 4 dimethylation is enriched on the inactive sex chromosomes in male meiosis but absent on the inactive X in female somatic cells

Khalil

Driscoll

2005

Cytogenet Genome Res

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Inactivation of the X chromosome occurs in female somatic cells and in male meiosis. In both cases, the inactive X chromosome undergoes changes in histone modifications including deacetylation of core histone proteins and enrichment with histone H3 lysine 9 (H3-K9) dimethylation. In this study we show that while the inactive X in female somatic cells is largely devoid of H3-K4 dimethylation, the inactive X in male meiosis is enriched with this modification. However, the inactive X chromosome in female somatic cells and the inactive X and Y in male meiosis are devoid of H3-K4 trimethylation. Further, trimethylation of H3-K4 is present at discrete regions along most of the autosomes, while H3-K4 dimethylation shows a more homogenous staining. Also, the Y chromosome is largely devoid of H3-K4 di- and trimethylation in somatic cells of both humans and mice, however, the Y chromosome is enriched with H3-K4 di- but not trimethylation throughout spermatogenesis. Our results provide insights into the differences between female somatic cells and male germ cells in inactivating the X chromosome, and suggest that trimethylation, and not dimethylation, of H3-K4 is a more robust indicator of the active regions of the genome.

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“…At implantation (E3.5-E4.5), the paternal X is reactivated, and the X-linked genes are transcribed from both parental X chromosomes in the inner cell mass (Mak et al 2004;Okamoto et al 2004). Then at the blastocyst stage embryonic day 6.5 (E6.5), random X inactivation takes place, and one of the two parental X chromosomes is randomly inactivated (Cheng and Disteche 2004).…”

Section: [Supplemental Materials Is Available For This Article]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Random X inactivation in the mule and horse placenta

et al. 2012

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In eutherian mammals, dosage compensation of X-linked genes is achieved by X chromosome inactivation. X inactivation is random in embryonic and adult tissues, but imprinted X inactivation (paternal X silencing) has been identified in the extra-embryonic membranes of the mouse, rat, and cow. Few other species have been studied for this trait, and the data from studies of the human placenta have been discordant or inconclusive. Here, we quantify X inactivation using RNA sequencing of placental tissue from reciprocal hybrids of horse and donkey (mule and hinny). In placental tissue from the equid hybrids and the horse parent, the allelic expression pattern was consistent with random X inactivation, and imprinted X inactivation can clearly be excluded. We characterized horse and donkey XIST gene and demonstrated that XIST allelic expression in female hybrid placental and fetal tissues is negatively correlated with the other X-linked genes chromosome-wide, which is consistent with the XIST-mediated mechanism of X inactivation discovered previously in mice. As the most structurally and morphologically diverse organ in mammals, the placenta also appears to show diverse mechanisms for dosage compensation that may result in differences in conceptus development across species.

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Silence of the fathers: Early X inactivation

Cited by 23 publications

References 24 publications

Spermatogenesis and sex chromosome gene content: An evolutionary perspective

Spermatogenesis and sex chromosome gene content: An evolutionary perspective

Histone H3 lysine 4 dimethylation is enriched on the inactive sex chromosomes in male meiosis but absent on the inactive X in female somatic cells

Random X inactivation in the mule and horse placenta

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