Siliceous spicules in marine demosponges (example Suberites domuncula)

Müller, Wernér E.G.; Беликов, С. И.; Tremel, Wolfgang; Perry, Carole C.; Gieskes, W.W.C.; Boreiko, Alexandra; Schröder, Heinz C.

doi:10.1016/j.micron.2005.09.003

Cited by 116 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In demosponges the silicateins exist both in the axial filament (Cha et al, 1999;Müller et al, 2005), which fills the axial canals, and on the surfaces of lamellae/layers, which are formed during the appositional growth of the spicules (Müller et al, 2005;Müller et al, 2006a). The spicules of the hexactinellids are also composed of lamellae, which allow the thickening growth of these skeletal elements (Schulze, 1904).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a silicatein(-related) protease in the giant spicules of the deep-sea hexactinellidMonorhaphis chuni

Müller

Boreiko

Schloßmacher

et al. 2008

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYSilicateins, members of the cathepsin L family, are enzymes that have been shown to be involved in the biosynthesis/condensation of biosilica in spicules from Demospongiae (phylum Porifera), e.g. Tethya aurantium and Suberites domuncula. The class Hexactinellida also forms spicules from this inorganic material. This class of sponges includes species that form the largest biogenic silica structures on earth. The giant basal spicules from the hexactinellids Monorhaphis chuni and Monorhaphis intermedia can reach lengths of up to 3·m and diameters of 10·mm. The giant spicules as well as the tauactines consist of a biosilica shell that surrounds the axial canal, which harbours the axial filament, in regular concentric, lamellar layers, suggesting an appositional growth of the spicules. The lamellae contain 27·kDa proteins, which undergo post-translational modification (phosphorylation), while total spicule extracts contain additional 70·kDa proteins. The 27·kDa proteins cross-reacted with anti-silicatein antibodies. The extracts of spicules from the hexactinellid Monorhaphis displayed proteolytic activity like the silicateins from the demosponge S. domuncula. Since the proteolytic activity in spicule extracts from both classes of sponge could be sensitively inhibited by E-64 (a specific cysteine proteinase inhibitor), we used a labelled E-64 sample as a probe to identify the protein that bound to this inhibitor on a blot. The experiments revealed that the labelled E-64 selectively recognized the 27·kDa protein. Our data strongly suggest that silicatein(-related) molecules are also present in Hexactinellida. These new results are considered to also be of impact for applied biotechnological studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a silicatein(-related) protease in the giant spicules of the deep-sea hexactinellidMonorhaphis chuni

Müller

Boreiko

Schloßmacher

et al. 2008

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…According to our results the process of spicule formation should be divided into the following phases; the initial intracellular steps and the extracellular final and shaping phase (Müller et al, 2006a and. (i) Intracellular phase: Silica is taken up actively by a Na + /HCO − 3 [Si(OH) 4 ] cotransporter.…”

Section: Demospongiae: Silica Deposition During Spicule Formationmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The biochemical basis for the understanding of the morphology of the spicules has been analyzed recently using the marine demosponge S. domuncula (reviewed in: Müller et al, 2006a). From this species primmorphs were prepared and applied for the analysis of spicule formation.…”

Section: Demospongiae: Silica Deposition During Spicule Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The unique skeleton of siliceous sponges (Porifera; Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) that evolved first from the Urmetazoa during the Proterozoic: a review

Müller

Schröder³

et al. 2007

Biogeosciences

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Abstract. Sponges (phylum Porifera) had been considered as an enigmatic phylum, prior to the analysis of their genetic repertoire/tool kit. Already with the isolation of the first adhesion molecule, galectin, it became clear that the sequences of sponge cell surface receptors and of molecules forming the intracellular signal transduction pathways triggered by them, share high similarity with those identified in other metazoan phyla. These studies demonstrated that all metazoan phyla, including Porifera, originate from one common ancestor, the Urmetazoa. The sponges evolved prior to the EdiacaranCambrian boundary (542 million years ago [myr]) during two major "snowball earth events", the Sturtian glaciation (710 to 680 myr) and the Varanger-Marinoan ice ages (605 to 585 myr). During this period the ocean was richer in silica due to the silicate weathering. The oldest sponge fossils (Hexactinellida) have been described from Australia, China and Mongolia and are thought to have existed coeval with the diverse Ediacara fauna. Only little younger are the fossils discovered in the Sansha section in Hunan (Early Cambrian; China). It has been proposed that only the sponges possessed the genetic repertoire to cope with the adverse conditions, e.g. temperature-protection molecules or proteins protecting them against ultraviolet radiation.The skeletal elements of the Hexactinellida (model organisms Monorhaphis chuni and Monorhaphis intermedia or Hyalonema sieboldi) and Demospongiae (models Suberites domuncula and Geodia cydonium), the spicules, are formed enzymatically by the anabolic enzyme silicatein and the catabolic enzyme silicase. Both, the spicules of Hexactinellida and of Demospongiae, comprise a central axial canal and Correspondence to: W. E. G. Müller (wmueller@uni-mainz.de) an axial filament which harbors the silicatein. After intracellular formation of the first lamella around the channel and the subsequent extracellular apposition of further lamellae the spicules are completed in a net formed of collagen fibers.The data summarized here substantiate that with the finding of silicatein a new aera in the field of bio/inorganic chemistry started. For the first time strategies could be formulated and experimentally proven that allow the formation/synthesis of inorganic structures by organic molecules. These findings are not only of importance for the further understanding of basic pathways in the body plan formation of sponges but also of eminent importance for applied/commercial processes in a sustainable use of biomolecules for novel bio/inorganic materials.

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“…The average silicon/ phosphates ratio is 44.4 ± 32.5 mg/L (4.3-117.0) ( Table 3). Although no values are available for comparison, this ratio is important for the acquisition of silicon from the environment and the development of the silicon skeleton (Müller et al, 2006). Samples MNCN-1.01/212 and MNCN-1.01/865 from the National Museum of Natural History of Madrid (MNCN-CSIC), named E. carteri var.…”

Section: Eunapius Carterimentioning

confidence: 99%

Rediscovery of Eunapius carteri (Bowerbank, 1863) in Western Europe

Carballeira¹

2018

Turk J Zool

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Siliceous spicules in marine demosponges (example Suberites domuncula)

Cited by 116 publications

References 20 publications

Identification of a silicatein(-related) protease in the giant spicules of the deep-sea hexactinellidMonorhaphis chuni

Identification of a silicatein(-related) protease in the giant spicules of the deep-sea hexactinellidMonorhaphis chuni

The unique skeleton of siliceous sponges (Porifera; Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) that evolved first from the Urmetazoa during the Proterozoic: a review

Rediscovery of Eunapius carteri (Bowerbank, 1863) in Western Europe

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