Silicon based lithium-ion battery anodes: A chronicle perspective review

Zuo, Xiuxia; Zhu, Jin; Müller‐Buschbaum, Peter; Cheng, Ya‐Jun

doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.11.013

Cited by 1,271 publications

(783 citation statements)

References 263 publications

(220 reference statements)

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“…Techniques allowing direct, non-invasive lithium detection operando are limited, as a result NDP was quickly adopted by a number of research groups in to order to study problems such as degradation (Nagpure et al, 2011) and charge transport limitations (Zhang et al, 2015). In the coming years the technique will become even more effective with the interest in light weight, high capacity anodes (Zuo et al, 2017), and cathodes, facilitating NDP measurements and the development of dedicated Li-battery setups (Çetiner et al, 2008;Tomandl et al, 2017). However, interpretation of the results will be more challenging as the electrode properties are dynamic, expanding, and contracting under the influence of lithium content (Mohanty et al, 2013;Liu et al, 2015;Liu and Co, 2016) NDP exploits the neutron capture reaction of the lithium-6 isotope, which is 7.5% abundant in natural lithium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operando Neutron Depth Profiling to Determine the Spatial Distribution of Li in Li-ion Batteries

Verhallen

Wagemaker

2018

Front. Energy Res.

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Neutron Depth Profiling (NDP) allows determination of the spatial distribution of specific isotopes, via neutron capture reactions. In a capture reaction charged particles with fixed kinetic energy are formed, where their energy loss through the material of interest can be used to provide the depth of the original isotope. As lithium-6 has a relatively large probability for such a capture reaction, it can be used by battery scientists to study the lithium concentration in the electrodes even during battery operation. The selective measurement of the 6 Li isotope makes it a direct and sensitive technique, whereas the penetrative character of the neutrons allows practical battery pouch cells to be studied. Using NDP lithium diffusion and reaction rates can be studied operando as a function of depth, opening a large range of opportunities including the study of alloying reactions, metal plating, and (de) intercalation in insertion hosts. In the study of high rate cycling of intercalation materials the relatively low Li density challenges counting statistics while the limited change in electrode density due to the Li-ion insertion and extraction allows straightforward determination of the Li density as a function of electrode depth. If an electrode can be (dis)charged reversibly, data can be acquired and accumulated over multiple cycles to increase the time resolution. For Li metal plating and alloying reactions, the large lithium density allows good time resolution, however the large change of the electrode composition and density makes extracting the Li-density as a function of depth more challenging. Here an effective method is presented, using calibration measurements of the individual components, based on which the ratio of the components as a function of depth can be determined as well as the total Li-density. The same principles can be applied to insertion host materials, where the differences in density due to electrolyte infiltration yield the electrode porosity as a function of depth. This is of particular importance for battery electrodes where porosity has a direct influence on the energy density and charge transport.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operando Neutron Depth Profiling to Determine the Spatial Distribution of Li in Li-ion Batteries

Verhallen

Wagemaker

2018

Front. Energy Res.

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“…During recent decades, researchers have attempted to apply nanotechnology to various energy and power systems such as electric generators, fuel cells, batteries, and solar cells [1][2][3][4][5]. Nanotechnology has also been implemented to enhance the heat transfer potential of common liquids like water and oil to ameliorate the efficiency of thermal systems; this can be done through adding solid nanoparticles (particles with a size of 1-100 nm) to the liquids.…”

Section: -Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanofluids effects on the evaporation rate in a solar still equipped with a heat exchanger

et al. 2017

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In this paper, the performance of a solar still equipped with a heat exchanger using nanofluids has been studied both experimentally and theoretically through three key parameters, i.e., freshwater yield, energy efficiency and exergy efficiency. First, experiments are performed on a set-up, which is mainly composed of two flat plate solar collectors connected in series, and a solar still equipped with a heat exchanger. After heated in the collectors, the nanofluid enters the heat exchanger installed in the solar still basin to exchange heat with brackish water. The research question is to know how much the effect of nanofluids on the evaporation rate inside the solar desalination system is. The experiments are conducted for different nanoparticle volume fractions, two sizes of nanoparticles (7 and 40 nm), two depths of water in the solar still basin (4 and 8 cm), and three mass flow rates of nanofluids during various weather conditions. It is found that the weather conditions (mainly the sun radiation intensity) have a dominant influence on the solar still performance. To discover the effects of nanofluids, a mathematical model is developed and validated by experimental data at given weather conditions. The results reveal that using the heat exchanger at temperatures lower than 60 o C is not advantageous and the corresponding yield is smaller than that of solar still without the heat exchanger; although in such a case, using 2 nanofluids as the working fluid in the heat exchanger can enhance the performance indices about 10%. At higher temperatures (e.g. 70 o C), the use of heat exchanger is beneficial; however, using nanofluids instead of water can augment the performance indices marginally i.e. just around 1%. In addition, it is found that in high temperatures using SiO 2 /water nanofluids, which have a lower effective thermal conductivity than that of Cu/water nanofluids, provides higher performance indices.Keywords: Nanofluids; Solar desalination; Heat exchanger; Freshwater yield 1-IntroductionNowadays, "Nano" and "Energy" have been two hot keywords, not only in the scientific community but also in our daily life. During recent decades, researchers have attempted to apply nanotechnology to various energy and power systems such as electric generators, fuel cells, batteries, and solar cells [1][2][3][4][5]. Nanotechnology has also been implemented to enhance the heat transfer potential of common liquids like water and oil to ameliorate the efficiency of thermal systems; this can be done through adding solid nanoparticles (particles with a size of 1-100 nm) to the liquids. The mixture of nanoparticles and conventional liquids is named "nanofluid" [6].Despite some limitations such as relatively high preparation cost and stability issues, extensive attempts have been made to develop the applications of nanofluids in energy systems such as solar energy based devices [7][8][9][10][11][12][13], cooling and thermal management of electronic equipment [14,15], grinding and drilling, absorption systems, medicine...

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confidence: 99%

“…Lithiation of silicon results in the formation of alloys such as Li 15 Si 4 with a theoretical capacity of 3580 mAh/g. 8,9 In addition, silicon has a high volumetric capacity of 9786 mAh/ cm 3 . 10 Silicon is abundant and has low toxicity which makes it a good candidate for an anode material for commercial batteries.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Citric Acid Based Pre-SEI for Improvement of Silicon Electrodes in Lithium Ion Batteries

Chandrasiri

Nguyen

Parimalam

et al. 2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Silicon electrodes are of interest to the lithium ion battery industry due to high gravimetric capacity (∼3580 mAh/g), natural abundance, and low toxicity. However, the process of alloying and dealloying during cell cycling, causes the silicon particles to undergo a dramatic volume change of approximately 280% which leads to electrolyte consumption, pulverization of the electrode, and poor cycling. In this study, the formation of an ex-situ artificial SEI on the silicon nanoparticles with citric acid has been investigated. Citric acid (CA) which was previously used as a binder for silicon electrodes was used to modify the surface of the nanoparticles to generate an artificial SEI, which could inhibit electrolyte decomposition on the surface of the silicon nanoparticles. The results suggest improved capacity retention of ∼60% after 50 cycles for the surface modified silicon electrodes compared to 45% with the surface unmodified electrode. Similar improvements in capacity retention are observed upon citric acid surface modification for silicon graphite composite/ LiCoO 2 cells. Lithium ion batteries have been widely used in the portable electronic device market for over two decades due to high energy density, good rate capability, and long cycle life. [1][2][3] Graphite is the most frequently used commercial anode material. Although graphite has good performance, low cost and high capacity retention, the relatively modest storage capacity (∼370 mAh/g) has driven investigations of alternative anode materials.4 Different anode materials with greater storage capacity have been investigated including lithium metal, tin, silicon and other metal alloys. While lithium metal anodes are very appealing, dendrite formation after long term cycling results in significant safety concerns.5-7 Therefore, the use of lithium alloying compounds has been intensively investigated over the last decade. Silicon is the most attractive alloying anode material due to its high theoretical capacity. Lithiation of silicon results in the formation of alloys such as Li 15 Si 4 with a theoretical capacity of 3580 mAh/g. 8,9 In addition, silicon has a high volumetric capacity of 9786 mAh/ cm 3 . 10Silicon is abundant and has low toxicity which makes it a good candidate for an anode material for commercial batteries. Silicon also exhibits a discharge voltage of ∼0.4 V vs Li/Li + which allows it to maintain an open circuit potential which avoids lithium plating. 9,[11][12][13] While theoretically interesting, there are numerous factors that make silicon electrode use difficult. Some of the important factors include the volume variation during the lithiation and delithiation process of 280% which leads to pulverization of the electrode, instability of the SEI due to the volume variation, and damage to the electrode laminate.14,15 Numerous strategies have been undertaken to solve these stress induced problems that affect the electrochemical properties of the electrode including the use of nanoparticles, which limit the stress induced damage from larg...

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Silicon based lithium-ion battery anodes: A chronicle perspective review

Cited by 1,271 publications

References 263 publications

Operando Neutron Depth Profiling to Determine the Spatial Distribution of Li in Li-ion Batteries

Operando Neutron Depth Profiling to Determine the Spatial Distribution of Li in Li-ion Batteries

Nanofluids effects on the evaporation rate in a solar still equipped with a heat exchanger

Citric Acid Based Pre-SEI for Improvement of Silicon Electrodes in Lithium Ion Batteries

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