Silicon diimide gel as an efficient stationary phase in thin layer chromatography for acid-sensitive organic compounds

Kitney, Stuart P.; Sajedin, Seyed Mani; Rocher, Vincent; Cheng, Fei; Kelly, Stephen M.

doi:10.1039/c7cc04952h

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…[4] Thus, it is urgent to develop devices to monitor these toxic gases. [5] The current devices for analyzing gas state pollutants are thin-layer chromatography scanner, [6] flame ionization detector, [7] gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), [8] and high-performance liquid chromatograph. [9] They can accurately detect and analyze these harmful gases, but they are bulky, expensive, laborious, and time-consuming.…”

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confidence: 99%

Semiconductor Gas Sensor for Triethylamine Detection

Liu

Zhang

Fan

et al. 2021

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on the body for a long time, the genetic material will be damaged and mutations occur, which will result in abnormalities in the offspring. [4] Thus, it is urgent to develop devices to monitor these toxic gases. [5] The current devices for analyzing gas state pollutants are thin-layer chromatography scanner, [6] flame ionization detector, [7] gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), [8] and high-performance liquid chromatograph. [9] They can accurately detect and analyze these harmful gases, but they are bulky, expensive, laborious, and time-consuming. In addition, they cannot achieve real-time detection, so they cannot be widely used. By contrast, gas sensors have the advantages of portability, low expense, real-time monitoring and high sensitivity. According to different sensing principles, gas sensors can be divided into resistance-based, [10] optical, [11] micro-cantilever, [12] surface plasmon resonance, [13] surface acoustic, [14] and microwave sensors. [15] Among them, the resistance-based gas sensors have become a research hotspot due to their high sensitivity, good repeatability, and excellent selectivity. [16] Based on our survey, the history of resistance-based gas sensors dates back to several decades ago. Approximately 60 years ago, Brattain and Heiland discovered that the resistances of semiconductor materials vary according to the atmosphere. [17] Soon, Seiyama et al. applied this feature to detect harmful gases. [18] Then the first resistancebased gas sensor was successfully designed and patented by Taguchi. [17] The boiling point of triethylamine (TEA) is 89.5 °C at the normal temperature and pressure. Since its molecular formula contains hydrogen and carbon atoms, it is classified as a volatile organic compound (VOC). [19] Hitherto, TEA has been widely applied in many areas, such as, agriculture, fishery, and aviation, as well as, medication and health. [20] For example, it can be used as preservatives, surfactants, organic solvents, catalysts, etc. Moreover, studies have shown that putrid fish and shellfish releases TEA. In this regard, TEA can be used as a criterion to access the freshness of marine fish. [21] However, TEA harms the human body, mainly as a strong irritation to the skin and mucous membranes as well as the central nervous system. After prolonged exposure to TEA, some people are infected with emphysema and even die directly. According to the recommendations of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Administration (NIOSH), the concentration of indoor TEA should be lower than 10 ppm. [22] The structure, application and hazards of TEA are schematic illustrated in Figure 1.Resistance-based gas sensors are effective in monitoring TEA. Currently, these resistance-based sensors are mainly With the demanding detection of unique toxic gas, semiconductor gas sensors have attracted tremendous attention due to their intriguing features, such as, high sensitivity, online detection, portability, ease of use, and low cost. Triethylamine, a typical gas of volatile organic...

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Semiconductor Gas Sensor for Triethylamine Detection

Liu

Zhang

Fan

et al. 2021

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“…The first example of a Sol–Gel process based on an ammonolysis reaction yielding Si/(C)/N gels starts from a dialkylamino substituted cyclic trisilazane ( Scheme 2 b); it can be described as a transamination reaction [ 44 ]. These so-called silicon diimide gels have subsequently been used for stationary phases in thin layer chromatography for organic acids [ 45 ].…”

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confidence: 99%

A Non-Hydrolytic Sol–Gel Route to Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Polymers: Linearly Expanded Silica and Silsesquioxanes

Krupinski

Wagler

Brendler

et al. 2023

Gels

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Condensation reactions of chlorosilanes (SiCl4 and CH3SiCl3) and bis(trimethylsilyl)ethers of rigid, quasi-linear diols (CH3)3SiO–AR–OSi(CH3)3 (AR = 4,4′-biphenylene (1) and 2,6-naphthylene (2)), with release of (CH3)3SiCl as a volatile byproduct, afforded novel hybrid materials that feature Si–O–C bridges. The precursors 1 and 2 were characterized using FTIR and multinuclear (1H, 13C, 29Si) NMR spectroscopy as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis in case of 2. Pyridine-catalyzed and non-catalyzed transformations were performed in THF at room temperature and at 60 °C. In most cases, soluble oligomers were obtained. The progress of these transsilylations was monitored in solution with 29Si NMR spectroscopy. Pyridine-catalyzed reactions with CH3SiCl3 proceeded until complete substitution of all chlorine atoms; however, no gelation or precipitation was found. In case of pyridine-catalyzed reactions of 1 and 2 with SiCl4, a Sol–Gel transition was observed. Ageing and syneresis yielded xerogels 1A and 2A, which exhibited large linear shrinkage of 57–59% and consequently low BET surface area of 10 m2⋅g−1. The xerogels were analyzed using powder-XRD, solid state 29Si NMR and FTIR spectroscopy, SEM/EDX, elemental analysis, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The SiCl4-derived amorphous xerogels consist of hydrolytically sensitive three-dimensional networks of SiO4-units linked by the arylene groups. The non-hydrolytic approach to hybrid materials may be applied to other silylated precursors, if the reactivity of the corresponding chlorine compound is sufficient.

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“…[9] has shown that the TEA released from 200 g of putrid crucian for 7 d is less than 4 ppm, reflecting significant potential in freshness detection of seafood. Traditional TEA detection methods such as chromatography and colorimetry are limited due to their high cost and cumbersome detection procedures [10][11][12]. Therefore, reliable TEA sensors with high response, low cost, and convenient operation are required for promising applications in industrial production, food safety, and human health.…”

Section: Introduction mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interfacial energy barrier tuning of hierarchical Bi2O3/WO3 heterojunctions for advanced triethylamine sensor

Zhang

Li²,

Zhang³

et al. 2022

J Adv Ceram

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Traditional triethylamine (TEA) sensors suffer from the drawback of serious cross-sensitivity due to the low charge-transfer ability of gas-sensing materials. Herein, an advanced anti-interference TEA sensor is designed by utilizing interfacial energy barriers of hierarchical Bi2O3/WO3 composite. Benefiting from abundant slit-like pores, desirable defect features, and amplification effect of heterojunctions, the sensor based on Bi2O3/WO3 composite with 40% Bi2O3 (0.4-Bi2O3/WO3) demonstrates remarkable performance in terms of faster response/recovery time (1.7-fold/1.2-fold), higher response (2.1-fold), and lower power consumption (30 °C-decrement) as compared with the pristine WO3 sensor. Furthermore, the composite sensor exhibits long-term stability, reproducibility, and negligible response towards interfering molecules, indicating the promising potential of Bi2O3/WO3 heterojunctions in anti-interference detection of low-concentration TEA in real applications. This work not only offers a rational solution to design advanced gas sensors by tuning the interfacial energy barriers of heterojunctions, but also provides a fundamental understanding of hierarchical Bi2O3 structures in the gas-sensing field.

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Silicon diimide gel as an efficient stationary phase in thin layer chromatography for acid-sensitive organic compounds

Cited by 7 publications

References 17 publications

Semiconductor Gas Sensor for Triethylamine Detection

Semiconductor Gas Sensor for Triethylamine Detection

A Non-Hydrolytic Sol–Gel Route to Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Polymers: Linearly Expanded Silica and Silsesquioxanes

Interfacial energy barrier tuning of hierarchical Bi2O3/WO3 heterojunctions for advanced triethylamine sensor

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