Silk nanoparticles for the protection and delivery of guava leaf ( Psidium guajava L.) extract for cosmetic industry, a new approach for an old herb

Abstract

Guava ( Psidium guajava L.) is a well-known plant containing high levels of natural antioxidants, the phenolic compounds, which have been employed in numerous cosmetic products. However, these molecules are unstable to oxidants, light, temperature, pH, water, and enzymatic activities. Therefore, to enhance their stability and preserve their antioxidant activity, this study investigated the silk fibroin nanoparticles (SFNs) ability to encapsulate, deliver, and heat-protect the phenolic compounds of the guava leaves ethanolic extract. Firstly, the guava ethanolic extract was produced by maceration, which possessed a total phenolic content of 312.6 mg GAE/g DPW and a high antioxidant activity (IC 50 = 5.397 ± 0.618 µg/mL). Then, the extract loaded SFNs were manufactured by desolvation method, and the particles demonstrated appropriate sizes of 200–700 nm with narrow size distribution, spherical shape, silk-II crystalline structure, high drug entrapment efficiency of > 70% (dependent on the fibroin content), and a two-phase sustained drug release for at least 210 min. Using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, the antioxidant activity of the guava extract was well-preserved in the extract loaded SFNs. Finally, after being treated with high temperature of 70 ° C for 24 h, the guava extract almost loses all of its antioxidant property (5 times decrement), whereas the extract loaded SFNs could retain the extract activity. Conclusively, the SFNs proved much potential to deliver and heat-protect the guava extract phenolic compounds, and preserve their antioxidant activity. Confirmed by this case, SFNs could be further explored in protecting other natural compounds from environmental factors.

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“…Recently, Pham et al observed that scavenging activities of an encapsulated active gradually increased over time, suggesting that the antioxidant effectiveness may be directly related to the release of the active from the NPs. 107 Based on our drug release studies shown above, it is expected that FA would also exhibit a gradual interaction with DPPH due to its sustained release from the polymeric NPs. However, we were unable to confirm this behaviour after incubating FA-loaded PLGA NPs in the presence of an ethanolic DPPH solution (50% v/v) at shorter incubation times (5, 10, and 15 min).…”

Development of pH-responsive Eudragit S100-functionalized silk fibroin nanoparticles as a prospective drug delivery system

“…The process of extracting and refining regenerated fibroin from silk cocoons was conducted with reference to a prior publication [ 39 ]. In brief, the silk cocoons (10 g) underwent sericin-removal process with 200 mL Na 2 CO 3 (0.5% w/v) at 100°C for 1 h, washed thrice with water, and air-dried.…”

The Art and Science of Cosmetics: Understanding the Ingredients

“…The findings demonstrated that the guava extract nearly completely lost all of its antioxidant capacity after being exposed to a high temperature of 70°C for 24 hours, but the extract-loaded SFNs were able to retain the extract activity. The efficacy and safety of cosmetics have improved as a result of all these nanoformulations [81].…”