Silver Iodide Formation in Methyl Ammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells with Silver Top Electrodes

Kato, Yuichi; Ono, Luis K.; Lee, Michael V.; Wang, Shenghao; Raga, Sonia R.; Qi, Yabing

doi:10.1002/admi.201500195

Cited by 725 publications

(635 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…While the loss of V oc was relatively lower, the increased degradation may come from the fact that iodine can migrate through HTL reacting with Ag and altering the electronic properties of the Ag/HTL interface. 23,27 A similar phenomenon has been also shown for Al-contacted devices. 27 This further confirms that metal electrodes (Au 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 10 and Ag) are intrinsically incompatible with organic Spiro-MeOTAD HTL-based perovskite devices such as solar cells [41][42][43] , photodetectors [44][45][46] , lasers 47 Figure S8).…”

supporting

confidence: 74%

“…6, [14][15][16][17][18] Interestingly, in addition to the perovskite-related degradation, the stability of the devices was found to greatly depend on device architecture. 17,[19][20][21][22][23][24] This was explained partly by interfacial degradation 19,25 and also by degradation of the charge transporting layers. 14,22 Recently, there have been efforts to substitute the widely-used organic Spiro-MeOTAD hole transporting layer (HTL) with inorganic materials to improve the stability of PSCs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Not All That Glitters Is Gold: Metal-Migration-Induced Degradation in Perovskite Solar Cells

Domanski¹,

Correa‐Baena²,

et al. 2016

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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have now achieved efficiencies in excess of 22%, but very little is known about their long-term stability under thermal stress. So far, stability reports have hinted at the importance of substituting the organic components, but little attention has been given to the metal contact. We investigated the stability of state-of-the-art PSCs with efficiencies exceeding 20%. Remarkably, we found that exposing PSCs to a temperature of 70 °C is enough to induce gold migration through the hole-transporting layer (HTL), spiro-MeOTAD, and into the perovskite material, which in turn severely affects the device performance metrics under working conditions. Importantly, we found that the main cause of irreversible degradation is not due to decomposition of the organic and hybrid perovskite layers. By introducing a Cr metal interlayer between the HTL and gold electrode, high-temperature-induced irreversible long-term losses are avoided. This key finding is essential in the quest for achieving high efficiency, long-term stable PSCs which, in order to be commercially viable, need to withstand hard thermal stress tests.

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supporting

confidence: 74%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Not All That Glitters Is Gold: Metal-Migration-Induced Degradation in Perovskite Solar Cells

Domanski¹,

Correa‐Baena²,

et al. 2016

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“…Instead of Debye capacitances, the interface polarization is dominated by the complex interaction between electronic and ionic species at both sides of the contact. 27,28 Our experiments can then be considered as examples of the response of non-reacting contacts.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic charging by local imbalance at interfaces in hybrid lead halide perovskites

Almora

Guerrero

García-Belmonte

2016

Applied Physics Letters

125

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Identification of specific operating mechanisms becomes particularly challenging when mixed ionic-electronic conductors are used in optoelectronic devices. Ionic effects in perovskite solar cells are believed to distort operation curves and possess serious doubts about their long term stability. Current hysteresis and switchable photovoltaic characteristics have been connected to the kinetics of ion migration. However, the nature of the specific ionic mechanism (or mechanisms) able to explain the operation distortions is still poorly understood. It is observed here that the local rearrangement of ions at the electrode interfaces gives rise to commonly observed capacitive effects. Charging transients in response to step voltage stimuli using thick CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 samples show two main polarization processes and reveal the structure of the ionic double-layer at the interface with the non-reacting contacts. It is observed that ionic charging, with a typical response time of 10 s, is a local effect confined in the vicinity of the electrode, which entails absence of net mobile ionic concentration (space-charge) in the material bulk. V C 2016 AIP Publishing LLC.

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“…[87] As seen in Figure 12a-c, TEM images showed nodule-shaped AgNWs and EDX data indicated the formation of I-based compounds. Kato et al suggested as a plausible mechanism that the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 layer first decomposes into mobile I sources, such as CH 3 NH 3 I and HI, with the presence of water or oxygen in ambient conditions [149] ( Figure 12d). These I sources then migrate through pinholes, which are known to be formed in Spiro-OMeTAD layers, with an average diameter of ≈135 nm and a surface density of ≈3.72 holes/µm 2 .…”

Section: Top Menw-network Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal‐Nanowire‐Electrode‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells: Challenging Issues and New Opportunities

Ahn

Hwang

Jeong

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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in PSCs has been accomplished within a relatively short period of time, owing to OMHP's merits for low-cost, large-area, flexible photovoltaic applications; these merits include (i) the precursor chemicals, including organic ammonium halides and lead (tin) halides, for synthesizing the OMHP materials are cost-effective, and the OMHP layers can be readily prepared by simple wet-chemical approaches such as a spin coating or a slot-die coating process; (ii) the processing temperatures are relatively low, below 150 °C, for the formation of well-crystalized OMHP layers, in contrast to other thin-film-based solar cells; (iii) both the high absorption coefficients [6] and high carrier mobilities [7] suggest promising possibilities for highperformance photoactive materials. The PCE certified by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) reached 22.1% in 2016, [8] which is either comparable to or outperforms the PCEs of other next-generation thin-film solar cells, including CIGS(Se) (22.3%), CZTS/Se (12.6%), CdTe (22.1%), and organic photovoltaics (OPVs, 11.5%).Apart from the race to achieve higher PCE, other important research has been directed toward the development of lead-free OMHP layers, [9] large-area device fabrication, [10,11] a methodology of achieving long-term stability against moisture and irradiation, [12,13] and a way of recycling constituent cell materials. [14] Another fascinating research topic concerns the electrodes for PSCs. To date, vacuum-deposited transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and fluorinated tin oxide (FTO), have been used widely as a large-area window electrode through which light passes. However, TCOs have received criticism in terms of their fabrication cost, brittleness, and the scarcity of raw materials (especially, the indium in ITO). [15] Opaque noble metal electrodes (Au, Ag), which are usually used as a back contact, are also fabricated with a costly vacuum-assisted deposition process. From the viewpoint of cost-effectiveness, both transparent and opaque conventional electrodes apparently represent predominant impediments to the high-throughput fabrication of PSCs, giving rise to a significant demand to replace these conventional electrodes with alternatives.To date, a variety of alternative electrodes have been reported in the literature.

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Silver Iodide Formation in Methyl Ammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells with Silver Top Electrodes

Cited by 725 publications

References 60 publications

Not All That Glitters Is Gold: Metal-Migration-Induced Degradation in Perovskite Solar Cells

Not All That Glitters Is Gold: Metal-Migration-Induced Degradation in Perovskite Solar Cells

Ionic charging by local imbalance at interfaces in hybrid lead halide perovskites

Metal‐Nanowire‐Electrode‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells: Challenging Issues and New Opportunities

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