Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) internalization and passage through the Lactuca sativa (Asteraceae) outer cell wall

Abstract

Silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) toxicity is related to nanoparticle interaction with the cell wall of microorganisms and plants. This interaction alters cell wall conformation with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell. With the increase of ROS in the cell, the dissolution of zero silver (Ag0) to ionic silver (Ag+) occurs, which is a strong oxidant agent to the cellular wall. AgNP interaction was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on Lactuca sativa roots, and the mechanism of passage through the outer cell wall (OCW) was also proposed. The results suggest that Ag+ binds to the hydroxyls (OH) present in the cellulose structure, thus causing the breakdown of the hydrogen bonds. Changes in cell wall structure facilitate the passage of AgNPs, reaching the plasma membrane. According to the literature, silver nanoparticles with an average diameter of 15nm are transported across the membrane into the cells by caveolines. This work describes the interaction between AgNPs and the cell wall and proposes a transport model through the outer cell wall.

Nano-enabled agriculture: How do nanoparticles cross barriers in plants?

“…For example, some nanomaterials may potentially trigger pore enlargement because the plant cell wall is a dynamic structure and has the flexibility to undergo rapid remodeling in response to changes in the surrounding environment ( Houston et al., 2016 ). A previous study has shown that with shifting of Ag 0 to Ag + in AgNPs, which interact with ROS (reactive oxygen species), the released Ag + can bind to hydroxyls in the cellulose structure, causing the breakdown of hydrogen bonds to facilitate changes in cell wall structure that allow passage of AgNPs ( Kennedy et al., 2021 ). The cell wall also has an electrochemical gradient that may favor differently charged NPs.…”

Cell Wall Pectin Content Refers to Favored Delivery of Negatively Charged Carbon Dots in Leaf Cells

“…For example, yttrium oxide nanoparticles caused local thickening of cell wall, in which pectin content increased by 58% and hemicellulose content decreased by 29% . AgNPs bind to hydroxyl groups in cellulose, leading to hydrogen bond cleavage and altering the structure of cell walls . However, there is currently no research exploring how the components of cell walls affect the uptake efficiency of NMs contrasting the zeta potential by leaf cells.…”

“…Some studies have found that NMs can affect plant development by altering the physical properties of cell walls through interacting with cell walls. , AuNPs (gold nanoparticles, 5 nm, 50 μg/mL, zeta potential value not reported) affect the presence and distribution of pectin and arabinogalactan protein epitopes in the root cells walls . Nanoparticles can also cause remodeling of plant cell wall, including the changes in lignin, pectin, and other components in cell wall. , AgNPs (silver nanoparticles, 15 nm, 40.8 mV, 100 mg/L) can alter the conformation of cellulose by binding to the hydroxyl group of cellulose in the cell wall, leading to hydrogen bond cleavage and altering the structure of cell walls, thus affecting the shuttling efficiency of AgNPs . Zero-valent iron (0.5 g/L, size and zeta potential value not reported) induces pectin degradation in the cell wall of Arabidopsis , causing the loosening of cell wall .…”

Assessing the Fate of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Carrying Usnic Acid as Chemical Cargo on the Soil Microbial Community

“…Pesticide nanocarriers are expected to grow rapidly in the coming years. , However, the use of nanoenabled agrochemical products will inevitably release them into the environment, which can potentially impact nontarget organisms. − The discovery and development of nanoenabled products depend heavily on studies about the effects of nanoformulations, such as nanopesticides and nanobiopesticides, on agricultural soils. Understanding the environmental fate and behavior of nanoenabled products in soil systems is required to promote the development of safe-by-design nanopesticides.…”