Silver Nanoparticles Conjugate Attenuates Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy-Induced Hippocampal Nissl Substance and Cognitive Deficits in Diabetic Rats

Abstract

Background. The application of nanomedicine to antiretroviral drug delivery holds promise in reducing the comorbidities related to long-term systemic exposure to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). However, the safety of drugs loaded with silver nanoparticles has been debatable. This study is aimed at evaluating the effects of HAART-loaded silver nanoparticles (HAART-AgNPs) on the behavioural assessment, biochemical indices, morphological, and morphometric of the hippocampus in diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods. Conjugated HAART-AgNPs were characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, UV spectrophotometer, HR-TEM, SEM, and EDX for absorbance peaks, size and morphology, and elemental components. Forty-eight male SD rats ( 250 ± 13 g) were divided into nondiabetic and diabetic groups. Each group was subdivided into ( n = 8 ) A (nondiabetic+vehicle), B (nondiabetic+HAART), C (nondiabetic+HAART-AgNPs), D (diabetic+vehicle), E (diabetic+HAART), and F (diabetic+HAART-AgNPs). Morris water maze, Y-maze test, and weekly blood glucose levels were carried out. Following the last dose of 8-week treatment, the rats were anaesthetized and euthanized. Brain tissues were carefully removed and postfixed for Nissl staining histology. Results. 1.5 M concentration of HAART-AgNPs showed nanoparticle size 20.3 nm with spherical shape. HAART-AgNPs revealed 16.89% of silver and other elemental components of HAART. The diabetic control rats showed a significant increase in blood glucose, reduced spatial learning, positive hippocampal Nissl-stained cells, and a significant decrease in GSH and SOD levels. However, administration of HAART-AgNPs to diabetic rats significantly reduced blood glucose level, improved spatial learning, biochemical indices, and enhanced memory compared to diabetic control. Interestingly, diabetic HAART-AgNP-treated rats showed a significantly improved memory, increased GSH, SOD, and number of positive Nissl-stained neurons compared to diabetic-treated HAART only. Conclusion. Administration of HAART to diabetic rats aggravates the complications of diabetes and promotes neurotoxic effects on the experimental rats, while HAART-loaded silver nanoparticle (HAART-AgNP) alleviates diabetes-induced neurotoxicity.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy conjugated silver nanoparticle ameliorates testicular injury in type-2 diabetic rats

“…Previously, spherical shape AgNPs of sizes between 30 and 50 nm were not toxic to different HIV-1 isolates and cell culture ( Lara et al., 2010a ), and some biological specimens ( Agnihotri et al., 2014 ; Jyoti et al., 2016 ). , the presence of major elemental constituents such as silver, chlorine, fluorine, carbon, oxygen, sodium and functional groups demonstrated successful conjugation of HAART to AgNP ( Lawal et al., 2021 ), as supported by other studies ( Agnihotri et al., 2014 ; Femi-Adepoju et al., 2019 ).…”

“…Moreover, the presence of silver was confirmed in the HAART-AgNPs. Also, the successful conjugation of HAART to AgNP was confirmed with the presence of O–H, N–H, C–F, C–Cl, and C–N functional groups in HAART-AgNPs ( Lawal et al., 2021 ).…”

“…Characterization of the synthesized AgNPs was delineated as a method to assess its functional activities ( Zhang et al., 2016 ). In this study, the synthesized AgNP and conjugated HAART-AgNPs were characterized to evaluate their functional characteristics ( Lawal et al., 2021 ). The results of the synthesis revealed a spherical shape AgNP for the concentration of 1.5M with average size ranges between 19 and 32 nm.…”

“…The high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HTEM) and the field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) confirmed the shape and the size of the AgNPs. Also, the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (PerkinElmer Universal ATR spectrometer, USA) confirmed the conjugation of HAART to AgNPs while Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the presence of elemental constituents of the HAART-AgNPs ( Lawal et al., 2021 ).…”

“…The resultant AgNPs were cool at room temperature, 20 ml distil water was added to the samples then centrifuged at 12 000 rpm for 15 min, the same procedure was repeated and oven-dried at 40 °C, overnight. A mass of 15 g HAART was dissolved in 10 mL concentrated sodium hydroxide in a 50 mL volumetric flask and then topped up with diluted water ( Lawal et al., 2021 ). The final concentration of the HAART solution was 1.05 M. The 50 mL HAART solution was mixed with 100 mL AgNPs aqueous solution.…”