Silymarin as a Natural Antioxidant: An Overview of the Current Evidence and Perspectives

Surai, Peter F.

doi:10.3390/antiox4010204

Cited by 547 publications

(388 citation statements)

References 274 publications

(335 reference statements)

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“…There are many possible mechanisms by which silymarin can improve the antioxidant defense mechanisms and oxidative status. Recent studies revealed that silymarin can scavenge free radicals in the gut, prevent the formation of free radicals by inhibiting specific ROS-producing enzymes and improve the integrity of electron-transport chain of mitochondria in stress conditions (Gabrielova et al, 2015;Surai, 2015;Feng et al, 2016). Silymarin was also shown to maintain an optimal redox balance in cells by activating a range of antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants via the activation of specific transcription factors (Zhao et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, due to their localization, mitochondrial enzymes are particularly vulnerable to ROS, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and increases in oxidative pressure during critical reproductive periods in sows (Lapointe, 2014). There are many possible mechanisms by which silymarin can improve the antioxidant defense mechanisms and oxidative status (Gabrielova et al, 2015;Surai, 2015;Feng et al, 2016), and its beneficial effect in protecting against systemic oxidative stress was recently demonstrated in late-pregnant sows . It is likely that the dose of silymarin needed to elicit antioxidant effects is lower than that required to stimulate milk yield.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Providing the plant extract silymarin to lactating sows: effects on litter performance and oxidative stress in sows

Farmer

Lapointe

Cormier

2017

Animal

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Silymarin is an extract from the plant milk thistle that was shown to have antioxidant and hyperprolactinemic properties. Taking into account the essential role of prolactin for lactating sows and the systemic oxidative stress occurring during lactation, it is of interest to investigate the potential beneficial effects of silymarin on lactating sows. A study was therefore carried out to determine the effects of providing either 1 or 8 g/day of the plant extract silymarin to lactating sows. Sows in first, second or third parity were fed conventional diets during gestation and, at farrowing, were assigned as controls (CTL, n = 33), or were fed 1 g/day (SYL1, n = 33) or 8 g/day (SYL8, n = 33) of silymarin. The silymarin was provided in two equal amounts per day, and was fed throughout a 20-day lactation. The performance of sows and their litters was assessed and circulating concentrations of prolactin (days 7 and 18), urea (days 7 and 18) and oxidative status, via protein carbonyls and superoxide dismutase activity (day 18), were measured in sows. Milk samples were obtained on day 18 to measure standard composition. There was no effect of silymarin ( P > 0.10) on circulating prolactin or urea, or on oxidative damage to proteins or antioxidant potential in sows. Lactation feed intake, backfat and BW of sows were unaffected by treatment ( P > 0.10) as was the case for milk composition and piglet growth ( P > 0.10). Results demonstrate that providing up to 8 g/day of the plant extract silymarin to lactating sows had no beneficial effects in terms of circulating prolactin concentrations or oxidative status of sows, or in terms of performances of sows and their litters.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Providing the plant extract silymarin to lactating sows: effects on litter performance and oxidative stress in sows

Farmer

Lapointe

Cormier

2017

Animal

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“…MT decreases the formation of free radicals, inhibits lipid peroxidation, and acts as an antioxidant. Furthermore, MT exerts antifibrotic effects by inhibiting the binding of toxic agents to membrane receptors of hepatocytes (5,6). It was reported that treatment with silymarin (400 mg/d) in combination with UDCA (450 mg/d) provided an enhanced improvement in the hepatic functions of 30 patients with chronic ethylic hepatopathy (7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment with milk thistle extract (Silybum marianum), ursodeoxycholic acid, or their combination attenuates cholestatic liver injury in rats: Role of the hepatic stem cells

Alaca

Özbeyli²,

Uslu³

et al. 2017

Turk J Gastroenterol

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“…and vitagene activation and synthesis and increased expression of protective molecules (GSH, thioredoxins, SOD, heat shock proteins, sirtuins, etc.). Indeed, elucidating roles of vitagenes in stress resistance of poultry as a background for the development of effective strategies to deal with stresses is an emerging topic of research [1][2][3][4][5]. It is known that adaptive SOD synthesis is under vitagene control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant Systems in Poultry Biology: Superoxide Dismutase

Surai¹

2016

J Anim Res Nutr

168

135

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Commercial poultry production is associated with various stresses responsible for decreasing productive and reproductive performance of growing chicks, breeders and commercial layers. A growing body of evidence shows that most of stresses in poultry production at the cellular level are associated with oxidative stress. Recently, a concept of the cellular antioxidant defense has been revised with special attention paid to cellular redox status maintenance and cell signaling. In fact, antioxidant systems of the living cell are based on three major levels of defense and superoxide dismutase (SOD) is shown to belong to the first level of the antioxidant defense network. Cellular antioxidant defenses are shown to include several options and vitagene activation in stress conditions is considered as a fundamental adaptive mechanism. The vitagene family includes various genes regulating synthesis of protective molecules including thioredoxins, sirtuins, heat shock proteins and SOD. However, by the time of writing no comprehensive review on the roles and effects of SOD in poultry biology has appeared. Therefore, the aim of this review is a critical analysis of the role of SOD in poultry biology with specific emphasis to its functions as an essential part of the vitagene network. From the analysis of the recent data related to SOD in poultry physiology and adaptation to stresses it is possible to conclude that: a) SOD as important vitagene is the main driving force in cell/body adaptation to various stress conditions. Indeed, in stress conditions additional synthesis of SOD is an adaptive mechanism to decrease ROS formation; b) If the stress is too high SOD activity is decreased and apoptosis is activated; c) there are tissue-specific differences in SOD expression which also depends on the strength of such stress-factors as heat, heavy metals, mycotoxins and other stressors; d) SOD is shown to provide an effective protection against lipid peroxidation in chicken embryonic tissues and semen; e) SOD is shown to be protective in heat and cold stress, toxicity stress as well as in other oxidative-stress related conditions in poultry production; f) there are complex interactions inside the antioxidant network of the cell/body to ensure an effective maintenance of homeostasis in stress conditions. Indeed, in many cases, nutritional antioxidants (vitamin E, selenium, carotenoids, phytochemicals, etc.) in the feed can increase SOD expression; g) nutritional means of SOD upregulation in stress conditions of poultry production and physiological and commercial consequences await further investigation; h) vitagene upregulation in stress conditions is emerging as an effective means for stress management.

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Silymarin as a Natural Antioxidant: An Overview of the Current Evidence and Perspectives

Cited by 547 publications

References 274 publications

Providing the plant extract silymarin to lactating sows: effects on litter performance and oxidative stress in sows

Providing the plant extract silymarin to lactating sows: effects on litter performance and oxidative stress in sows

Treatment with milk thistle extract (Silybum marianum), ursodeoxycholic acid, or their combination attenuates cholestatic liver injury in rats: Role of the hepatic stem cells

Antioxidant Systems in Poultry Biology: Superoxide Dismutase

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