Simple and Rapid Lateral-Flow Assay for the Detection of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus

Abstract

A simple lateral-flow assay (LFA) based on a monoclonal antibody (MAb 70-17) was developed for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) under nonlaboratory conditions. The LFA was evaluated with epithelial suspensions (n ‫؍‬ 704) prepared from current and historical field samples which had been submitted to the Pirbright Laboratory (United Kingdom) and from negative samples (n ‫؍‬ 100) collected from naïve animals in Korea. Four FMDV serotypes (type O, A, Asia 1, and C) were detected in the LFA, but not the remaining three FMDV serotypes (SAT 1, SAT 2, and SAT 3). The diagnostic sensitivity of the LFA for FMDV types O, A, C, and Asia 1 was similar, at approximately 87.3%, to that of 87.7% obtained with antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Ag-ELISA). The diagnostic specificity of the LFA was 98.8%, compared to 100% for the Ag-ELISA. These results demonstrate that the LFA using the FMDV MAb 70-17 to detect FMDV is a supportive method for taking rapid measurements at the site of a suspected foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in Asia before diagnosing the disease in the laboratory, thereby offering the possibility of implementing control procedures more rapidly.The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), an Aphthovirus of the Picornaviridae family, causes a highly contagious and economically important disease in cloven-hoofed animals. Seven serotypes and many subserotypes have been identified. Footand-mouth disease (FMD) has been recognized as the most important constraint to international trade in animals and animal products (11,12).Typical cases of FMD are characterized by the formation of vesicles and epithelial erosions of the snout, tongue, hard and soft palate, coronary band, and feet. FMD cannot be distinguished clinically from other vesicular diseases, such as swine vesicular disease (SVD) and vesicular stomatitis (VS). Consequently, laboratory-based tests (virus isolation or demonstration of FMDV antigen or nucleic acid) are required for differential diagnosis. At present, routine diagnosis of FMD is made at several laboratories by the combined use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and virus isolation techniques, supplemented by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) (13-15, 18). However, most of these diagnostic methods require the availability of a dedicated laboratory facility, highly trained laboratory personnel, stable reagents, and multistep sample handling or preparation. In particular, virus isolation requires a laboratory cell culture facility, which can be difficult and expensive to maintain, besides requiring 4 to 6 days for test completion. Management of the logistical considerations associated with sample collection and transport is also required.A rapid and easy-to-perform test, which would allow for on-site diagnosis to be made in the case of a suspected disease outbreak, would circumvent problems associated with the transportation of samples to the laboratory and would be especially useful for a faster diagnosis in areas where the disease is endemic. Since FMD is extremely...

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