Simple Formulas for Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Water for Heat Transfer Calculations (from 0°C to 150°C)

Popiel, C. O.; Wojtkowiak, Janusz

doi:10.1080/01457639808939929

Cited by 251 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The KD2 thermal property meter had a measurement uncertainty of ±5% and was calibrated by using distilled water before any set of measurements were taken. The results fall to within 5% of the predicted theory by Popiel and Wojtkowiak [25].…”

Section: Effective Thermal Conductivity Of the Mwcnt-water Nanofluidsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…The average Nusselt number can then be calculated as follows: ( 10 ) where is the thermal conductivity of the working fluid, determined at the bulk fluid temperature, , For water the thermal conductivity was determined from the equations developed by Popiel and Wojtkowaik [25].…”

Section: Data Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…were calculated based on the viscosity, thermal conductivity and specific heat determined at the bulk fluid temperature, , using the equations developed by Popiel and Wojtkowaik [25] for water and for the MWCNT nanofluid the measured values of its properties were used.…”

Section: Data Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The influence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on single-phase heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics in the transitional flow regime of smooth tubes

Meyer

McKrell

Grote

2013

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

122

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In this paper, the convective heat transfer enhancement of aqueous suspensions of multiwalled carbon nanotubes flowing through a straight horizontal tube was investigated experimentally for a Reynolds number range of 1 000 -8 000, which included the transitional flow regime. The tube was made out of copper with an internal diameter of 5.16 mm.Experiments were conducted at a constant heat flux of 13 kW/m 2 with 0.33%, 0.75% and 1.0% volume concentrations of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The nanotubes had an outside diameter of 10 -20 nm, an inside diameter of 3 -5 nm and a length of 10 -30 µm.Temperature and pressure drop measurements were taken, from which the heat transfer coefficients and friction factors were determined as a function of Reynolds number. It was found that heat transfer was enhanced when comparing the data on a Reynolds-Nusselt graph but when comparing the data at the same velocity, it was shown that heat transfer was not enhanced. Performance evaluation of the nanofluids showed that the increase in viscosity was four times the increase in the thermal conductivity, which resulted in an inefficient nanofluid.

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Section: Effective Thermal Conductivity Of the Mwcnt-water Nanofluidsupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Data Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The influence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on single-phase heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics in the transitional flow regime of smooth tubes

Meyer

McKrell

Grote

2013

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

122

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The thermal conductivity of the water was obtained at the effective average bulk temperature from the equations proposed by Popiel and Wojtkowiak [37]. The obtained Nusselt numbers were compared with the developing flow equation with uniform heat flux for simultaneous thermal and hydrodynamic development given in equation 10, while the turbulent results were compared with the Gnielinski equation [38] given in equation 11.…”

Section: ̅̅̅̅ ̅mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mass flow rate was from the measurements of the Coriolis flow meter. The specific heat properties of water were calculated at the effective bulk fluid temperature using the equations derived by Popiel and Wojtkowiak [37].…”

Section: Data Reduction and Uncertainty Analysis 31 Nusselt Numbersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inlet flow effects in micro-channels in the laminar and transitional regimes on single-phase heat transfer coefficients and friction factors

Dirker

Meyer

Garach

2014

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

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An experimental investigation of heat transfer and pressure drop in rectangular micro-channels was conducted for water in the laminar and transitional regimes for three different inlet configurations.The inlet types under consideration were the sudden contraction, bellmouth, and swirl inlet types, and hydraulic diameters of 0.57 mm, 0.85 mm, and 1.05 mm were covered. It was found that the critical Reynolds number and the transitional behaviour in terms of heat transfer coefficients and friction factors were influences significantly by the inlet type. For the sudden contraction inlet type, which were investigated for both adiabatic, as well as diabatic cases, adiabatic friction factors were predicted well by the laminar Shah and London correlation, while diabatic friction factors were decreased with an increase in wall heat flux. The sudden contraction inlet critical Reynolds numbers were found to be between 1 800 and 2 000 for adiabatic cases, while for diabatic cases the transition regime commenced at a Reynolds number of about 2 000. The bellmouth and swirl inlet types were investigated for diabatic cases only with swirl inlet tests limited to the 1.05 mm channel. Laminar 2 friction factors were approximately similar to those of the sudden contraction inlet type, however, after the commencement of transition both inlet types exhibited higher friction factors than the sudden contraction inlet. Minor transition occurred as early as at Reynolds numbers of 1 200 and 800 for the bellmouth and swirl inlet types respectively while major transition occurred at Reynolds numbers of approximately 1 800 and 1 500 respectively. Critical Reynolds numbers were found not be significantly influenced by the channel to diameter to length ratio considered in this study. Laminar Nusselt numbers were predicted well by conventional macro-channel thermal entry correlations. The swirl inlet type exhibited the highest friction factors and Nusselt numbers in the transitional regime followed by the bellmouth inlet type. During transition while compared with the sudden contraction inlet, both the bellmouth and swirl inlet types exhibited larger enhancement in heat transfer than increases in the friction factor penalty. Based on the experimental data obtained in this study, a set of correlations were developed which describes the relation between the friction factor and Colburn jfactor. Depending on the inlet type, the correlations predicted between 94% and 100% of the results to within 10% of the experimental measurements.

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Evaluation of cooling flow field of proton exchange membrane fuel cell based on heat transfer performance enhancement

Deng

Liu

Zhou

et al. 2022

Intl J of Energy Research

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Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) generates a lot of heat during power generation. It is necessary to control PEMFC to operate at proper temperature through effective thermal management. CFD model of flow field plates with different structures is established; the heat transfer performance of different flow fields was analyzed by numerical simulation. The index of uniformity temperature (IUT) was introduced to further evaluate the heat transfer effect. The results showed that the parallel flow field was not suitable for cooling due to its poor performance at high coolant flow rate. The pressure difference of serpentine flow field was more than 10 times that of other flow fields, which lead to the highest cost in practical cooling application. The wave flow field with the best comprehensive cooling effect at high flow velocity, and the average temperature and IUT were 2.22% and 37.97% lower than the parallel flow field, respectively. The cooling effect of point flow field followed the second, and its average temperature and IUT were 1.65% and 29.71% lower than those of parallel flow field, respectively. In practice application, the wavy flow field showed better heat transfer performance within the required coolant flow range.

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Simple Formulas for Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Water for Heat Transfer Calculations (from 0°C to 150°C)

Cited by 251 publications

References 9 publications

The influence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on single-phase heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics in the transitional flow regime of smooth tubes

The influence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on single-phase heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics in the transitional flow regime of smooth tubes

Inlet flow effects in micro-channels in the laminar and transitional regimes on single-phase heat transfer coefficients and friction factors

Evaluation of cooling flow field of proton exchange membrane fuel cell based on heat transfer performance enhancement

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