Simplified calculation of the area specific impedance for battery design

Gallagher, Kevin G.; Nelson, P.A.; Dees, Dennis W.

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.10.020

Cited by 59 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…For low electrode areal capacities or thicknesses, this line begins to bend toward lower current densities on account of the increasing electrode ASI from diminishing interfacial active area. 32 Chandrasekaran reported for a 2 mAh/cm 2 cell that simulations indicated conditions thermodynamically favorable to lithium plating occurred at the 2C rate (i.e., 4 mA/cm 2 ). 16 There-in, both electrolyte concentration overpotential and interfacial kinetic overpotentials contributed to the favorable conditions for lithium plating.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Optimizing Areal Capacities through Understanding the Limitations of Lithium-Ion Electrodes

Gallagher

Trask

Bauer

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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537

449

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Increasing the areal capacity or electrode thickness in lithium ion batteries is one possible means to increase pack level energy density while simultaneously lowering cost. The physics that limit use of high areal capacity as a function of battery power to energy ratio are poorly understood and thus most currently produced automotive lithium ion cells utilize modest loadings to ensure long life over the vehicle battery operation. Here we show electrolyte transport limits the utilization of the positive electrode at critical C-rates during discharge; whereas, a combination of electrolyte transport and polarization lead to lithium plating in the graphite electrode during charge. Experimental measurements are compared with theoretical predictions based on concentrated solution and porous electrode theories. An analytical expression is derived to provide design criteria for long lived operation based on the physical properties of the electrode and electrolyte. Finally, a guideline is proposed that graphite cells should avoid charge current densities near or above 4 mA/cm 2 unless additional precautions have been made to avoid deleterious side reaction. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are currently being used as the primary energy storage device in hybrid, plug-in, and all electric vehicles. This commercialization has been possible only by leveraging decades of previous scientific and engineering advances on materials, electrodes, and cell development. However, interactions in this complex system are still not fully understood. Automotive grade battery cells are required to fulfill a variety of optimization criteria in order to meet customer expectations and enable highly functional, robust and competitive products. In Fig. 1, key cell level criteria are shown for available technology as well as future development goals. Many of these values are highly influential on each other. In order to optimize one of the criteria it is always necessary to critically evaluate the impact on others. Key goals are to increase vehicle range and decrease cost at the same time. Minimizing the fraction of non-active material is an intuitive path to achieve these goals; however, the cell power and rate capability must simultaneously be maintained. [1][2][3] To derive clear development goals, the high level targets can be broken down to specific component requirements on the different levels of a storage system. 1,4 In Fig. 2, an analysis is shown for a state of the art prismatic hard-case automotive cell format. A battery level specific energy of ∼225 Wh/kg is widely accepted to be a critical value for sustainable implementation of long range electric vehicles. It represents a useful ratio between vehicle weight and range. In order to achieve this high specific energy, all subcomponents of the storage system have to meet demanding requirements as well. On the cell level, large format cells are favorable as they reduce the amount of cell housing needed per cell volume. Prismatic cell formats have a positive influence on the packing densi...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Optimizing Areal Capacities through Understanding the Limitations of Lithium-Ion Electrodes

Gallagher

Trask

Bauer

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

Self Cite

537

449

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[1][2][3] To date, several types of materials that meet these requirements have been identified; they include a variety of NiAs-related intermetallic materials and lithium Zintl phases. [4][5][6][7][8] The most basic materials under consideration are the lithium-containing Zintl phases. These high-capacity materials, for example Li x Si, can store up to an order of magnitude more lithium per unit mass than conventional graphitic carbon; however, whereas graphitic carbons expand by 15 % on full lithiation (to LiC 6 ), the most studied lithium Zintl phases, Li 17 We have found that controlling the surface area of the active material and building internal volume into the electrode structure significantly decreases the capacity fade on cycling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Electrode Dimensionality and Morphology on the Performance of Cu₂Sb Thin Film Electrodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

et al. 2011

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Keywords: Electrochemistry / Thin films / Copper / Antimony / Intermetallic phases Although graphitic carbons have been commercially used in lithium-ion batteries for many years, their low crystallographic density limits their use in applications where space is at a premium. Among the alternative anode materials being considered for these applications are Zintl phases and intermetallic insertion anodes. Historically, main-group-metalbased anode materials have had problems with respect to volume expansion experienced on lithiation and its effect on cycle life. In this paper, we report the role of morphology and electrode dimensionality in extending the cycle life of the

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“…This program, designated BatPaC, is the product of long-term research and development at Argonne through sponsorship by the U.S. Department of Energy [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. The latest version, BatPaC v2.1, is available from the Argonne website (www.cse.anl.gov/batpac).…”

Section: Battery Modeling Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sizing the Battery Power for PHEVs Based on Battery Efficiency, Cost and Operational Cost Savings

Nelson

Vijayagopal

Gallagher

et al. 2013

WEVJ

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Short AbstractThe incremental cost for increasing the power of Li-ion batteries for plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEVs) is moderate. Hence, the reduction of fuel consumption by using battery power at high vehicle speeds rather than engine power results in high net present value for the total cost of the battery and future fuel savings. The variation of designed efficiency at rated power is also evaluated to examine the cost for the thermal management system and improved life and cold temperature performance. Two types of PHEVs and two lithium-ion battery chemistries of batteries are considered in this study.

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Simplified calculation of the area specific impedance for battery design

Cited by 59 publications

References 16 publications

Optimizing Areal Capacities through Understanding the Limitations of Lithium-Ion Electrodes

Optimizing Areal Capacities through Understanding the Limitations of Lithium-Ion Electrodes

Effect of Electrode Dimensionality and Morphology on the Performance of Cu₂Sb Thin Film Electrodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Sizing the Battery Power for PHEVs Based on Battery Efficiency, Cost and Operational Cost Savings

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Simplified calculation of the area specific impedance for battery design

Cited by 59 publications

References 16 publications

Optimizing Areal Capacities through Understanding the Limitations of Lithium-Ion Electrodes

Optimizing Areal Capacities through Understanding the Limitations of Lithium-Ion Electrodes

Effect of Electrode Dimensionality and Morphology on the Performance of Cu2Sb Thin Film Electrodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Sizing the Battery Power for PHEVs Based on Battery Efficiency, Cost and Operational Cost Savings

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Effect of Electrode Dimensionality and Morphology on the Performance of Cu₂Sb Thin Film Electrodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries