Simplified derivation of the reaction-time history in aircraft impact on a nuclear power plant

Effects of reinforcement ratio and arrangement on the structural behavior of a nuclear building under aircraft impact

“…Subsequently, Wolf et al (1978) checked the validity of Riera's approach on calculating the impact force of an aircraft crash using Boeing 707 impacting into a rigid target. Bahar (1978) and Kar (1979) modified Riera's equation by introducing the coefficient ˛ into the second term of Riera's equation. Based on the experimental results of the full-scale aircraft impact test of an F-4 Phantom on a massive target, Sugano et al (1993a) determined the values of ˛ as from 0.7 to 1.0.…”

An engineering model and its numerical validation for a malevolent aircraft impinging against a rigid target: Force and impulse estimations

“…Based on a rigid-perfectly plastic materials model, Riera (1968) proposed the first one-dimensional theoretical formula to obtain the time history of the impact force by considering normal cylinder impact upon a rigid wall. Since then, Riera's function has been widely used, and several researchers have also tried to modify the Riera's model for improving the accuracy of impact force calculation (Dritter and Gruner, 1976;Hornyik, 1977;Bahar and Rice, 1978;Wolf et al, 1978;Kar, 1979;Riera, 1980;Riera, 1982;Rambach et al, 2005). For example, a slightly different method for calculating the impact force have been proposed by Dritter and Gruner (1976), in which the rigid-perfectly plastic materials model has been replaced by an elastic-plastic materials model for the aircraft.…”

“…While, Wolf et al (1978) has obtained the similar results with those by the Riera's function by proposing a lumped massspring model. By considering the losses of energy and mass from the broken flying debris, more modifications to the Riera's model (Hornyik, 1977;Bahar and Rice, 1978;Kar, 1979;Riera, 1980;Riera, 1982;Sugano et al, 1993;Rambach et al, 2005) have been proposed. These studies have indicated that the reduction coefficient α in the Riera's function should be less than a unity to capture accurately the aircraft impact force.…”