Simulated climate conditions in Europe during the Marine Isotope Stage 3 stadial

Kjellström, Erik; Brandefelt, Jenny; Näslund, Jens‐Ove; Smith, Benjamin; Strandberg, Gustav; Voelker, Antje H L; Wohlfarth, Barbara

doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2010.00143.x

Cited by 56 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…RCA3 has been used and verified for many applications ranging from paleo (Kjellström et al, 2010;Strandberg et al, 2011) to future simulations Nikulin et al, 2011). The model is in good agreement with observations if it is forced with ECMWF re-analysis-40 (ERA40, Uppala et al, 2005) boundary conditions.…”

Section: The Rossby Centre Regional Climate Modelmentioning

confidence: 53%

The climate in the Baltic Sea region during the last millennium simulated with a regional climate model

et al. 2012

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Abstract. Variability and long-term climate change in the Baltic Sea region is investigated for the pre-industrial period of the last millennium. For the first time dynamical downscaling covering the complete millennium is conducted with a regional climate model in this area. As a result of changing external forcing conditions, the model simulation shows warm conditions in the first centuries followed by a gradual cooling until ca. 1700 before temperature increases in the last centuries. This long-term evolution, with a Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and a Little Ice Age (LIA), is in broad agreement with proxy-based reconstructions. However, the timing of warm and cold events is not captured at all times. We show that the regional response to the global climate anomalies is to a strong degree modified by the large-scale circulation in the model. In particular, we find that a positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) simulated during MCA contributes to enhancing winter temperatures and precipitation in the region while a negative NAO index in the LIA reduces them. In a second step, the regional ocean model (RCO-SCOBI) is used to investigate the impact of atmospheric changes onto the Baltic Sea for two 100 yr time slices representing the MCA and the LIA. Besides the warming of the Baltic Sea, the water becomes fresher at all levels during the MCA. This is induced by increased runoff and stronger westerly winds. Moreover, the oxygen concentrations in the deep layers are slightly reduced during the MCA. Additional sensitivity studies are conducted to investigate the impact of even higher temperatures and increased nutrient loads. The presented experiments suggest that changing nutrient loads may be more important determining oxygen depletion than changes in temperature or dynamic feedbacks.

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Section: The Rossby Centre Regional Climate Modelmentioning

confidence: 53%

The climate in the Baltic Sea region during the last millennium simulated with a regional climate model

et al. 2012

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“…5). Finally, we discuss how the present findings compare to other modelling studies of MIS 3 climate, with focus on the most recent studies by van Meerbeeck et al (2009), Merkel et al (2010 and Kjellström et al (2010) (Sect. 6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Data from the earlier part of the GS12 simulation presented here was used in dynamical downscaling with a regional climate model for Europe (Kjellström et al, 2010). Here we present results from the equilibration of the CGCM simulation and the quasi-equilibrium that was reached towards the end of the simulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

A coupled climate model simulation of Marine Isotope Stage 3 stadial climate

et al. 2011

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Abstract. We present a coupled global climate model (CGCM) simulation, integrated for 1500 yr to quasiequilibrium, of a stadial (cold period) within Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3). The simulated Greenland stadial 12 (GS12; ∼44 ka BP) annual global mean surface temperature (T s ) is 5.5 • C lower than in the simulated recent past (RP) climate and 1.3 • C higher than in the simulated Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21 ka BP) climate. The simulated GS12 is evaluated against proxy data and previous modelling studies of MIS3 stadial climate. We show that the simulated MIS 3 climate, and hence conclusions drawn regarding the dynamics of this climate, is highly model-dependent. The main findings are: (i) Proxy sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are higher than simulated SSTs in the central North Atlantic, in contrast to earlier simulations of MIS 3 stadial climate in which proxy SSTs were found to be lower than simulated SST. (ii) The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) slows down by 50 % in the GS12 climate as compared to the RP climate. This slowdown is attained without freshwater forcing in the North Atlantic region, a method used in other studies to force an AMOC shutdown. (iii) El-Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections in mean sea level pressure (MSLP) are significantly modified by GS12 and LGM forcing and boundary conditions. (iv) Both the mean state and variability of the simulated GS12 is dependent on the equilibration. The annual global mean T s only changes by 0.10 • C from model years 500-599 to the last century of the simulation, indicating that the climate system may be close to equilibrium already after 500 yr of integration. However, significant regional differences between the last century of Correspondence to: J. Brandefelt (jenny@mech.kth.se) the simulation and model years 500-599 exist. Further, the difference between simulated and proxy SST is reduced from model years 500-599 to the last century of the simulation. The results of the ENSO variability analysis is also shown to depend on the equilibration.

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“…From detailed correlations and dating of southwestern Baltic glacial stratigraphies (Houmark-Nielsen and Kjaer, 2003), it is proposed that the southwestern Baltic experienced two major ice advances during MIS 3, at ∼ 50 and 30 ky BP. However, the latter is highly debated (e.g., Kjellström et al, 2010). This enigmatic period between ∼ 50 and 25 ky BP, with its partly incompatible records, was followed by a complex glaciation in the southern BSB (Houmark-Nielsen and Kjaer, 2003) leading up to the Last Glacial Maximum.…”

Section: Glacial-interglacial History Of the Baltic Sea Basinmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Global Burden of Anemia

Kassebaum

2016

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America

606

520

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Abstract. The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) expedition 347 cored sediments from different settings of the Baltic Sea covering the last glacial-interglacial cycle. The main aim was to study the geological development of the Baltic Sea in relation to the extreme climate variability of the region with changing ice cover and major shifts in temperature, salinity, and biological communities. Using the Greatship Manisha as a European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD) mission-specific platform, we recovered 1.6 km of core from nine sites of which four were additionally cored for microbiology. The sites covered the gateway to the North Sea and Atlantic Ocean, several sub-basins in the southern Baltic Sea, a deep basin in the central Baltic Sea, and a river estuary in the north.The waxing and waning of the Scandinavian ice sheet has profoundly affected the Baltic Sea sediments. During the Weichselian, progressing glaciers reshaped the submarine landscape and displaced sedimentary deposits from earlier Quaternary time. As the glaciers retreated they left a complex pattern of till, sand, and lacustrine clay, which in the basins has since been covered by a thick deposit of Holocene, organic-rich clay. Due to the stratified water column of the brackish Baltic Sea and the recurrent and widespread anoxia, the deeper basins harbor laminated sediments that provide a unique opportunity for high-resolution chronological studies.The Baltic Sea is a eutrophic intra-continental sea that is strongly impacted by terrestrial runoff and nutrient fluxes. The Holocene deposits are recorded today to be up to 50 m deep and geochemically affected by diagenetic alterations driven by organic matter degradation. Many of the cored sequences were highly supersaturated with respect to methane, which caused strong degassing upon core recovery. The depth distributions of conservative sea water ions still reflected the transition at the end of the last glaciation from fresh-water clays to Holocene brackish mud. High-resolution sampling and analyses of interstitial water chemistry revealed the intensive mineralization and zonation of the predominant biogeochemical processes. Quantification of microbial cells in the sediments yielded some of the highest cell densities yet recorded by scientific drilling.

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Simulated climate conditions in Europe during the Marine Isotope Stage 3 stadial

Cited by 56 publications

References 77 publications

The climate in the Baltic Sea region during the last millennium simulated with a regional climate model

The climate in the Baltic Sea region during the last millennium simulated with a regional climate model

A coupled climate model simulation of Marine Isotope Stage 3 stadial climate

The Global Burden of Anemia

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