Simulation and investigation of quantum dot effects as internal heat-generator source in breast tumor site

Q-r curve of thermal tomography and its clinical application on breast tumor diagnosis

“…At present, the medical imaging technologies being commonly used such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), X-CT imaging, ultrasonic imaging etc., can provide some related biochemical and pathologic information, nevertheless these technologies have a fundamental constraint, that is they can only display the shape changes of body tissue, but not reflect functional changes of body tissue [19,20]. When the structural lesions emerge in the human body, the qualitative changes of the patient's condition have taken place [21][22][23][24][25].…”

“…In order to mine the valuable 3-dimensional heat distribution data based on temperature distribution of body surface, many research groups have carried out in-depth studies and made a series of achievements [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. This present paper aims to acquire the q-r characteristic curve of the heat intensity varying with depth of tomography based on the temperature distribution characteristics of tumor in different stages.…”

Suitability of frequency modulated thermal wave imaging for skin cancer detection—A theoretical prediction

“…The Pennes bioheat model (Pennes, 1948) has been found to be accurate, and was successfully employed in numerous biomedical applications, viz., thermal therapy (Okajima et al, 2009;Gupta et al, 2010;Absalan et al, 2012), photo-thermal therapy (Dutta et al, 2007;Jaunich et al, 2008;Jiao and Guo, 2009), light-tissue interaction Sakuraia et al, 2010); inverse estimation of tumor size (Partridge and Wrobel, 2007); evaluation of skin burning effect (Jiang et al, 2002;Udayraj et al, 2014), microwave radiometry monitoring (Rodriques et al, 2013) and many more (Bhowmik et al, 2013a). However, studies have also demonstrated that the Pennes bioheat equation is more suitable to model the heat exchange due to capillary blood perfusion within the tissue, and failed to evaluate the thermal effect of blood flow associated with relatively larger diameter vessels (Charny, 1992;Bhowmik et al, 2013a;Singh et al, 2014 Bhowmik et al (2014b), since in real situation these trends remain unchanged irrespective of the diagnostic method used.…”

Clinical applications of internal heat source analysis for breast cancer identification

“…However, the most popular methods, including X-ray mammography, ultrasonic imaging, and breast magnetic resonance imaging, essentially provide morphological and structural information (Gautherie, 1980;Anderson et al, 2005;Aupperlee et al, 2005;AbdullGaffar et al, 2012). However, many types of aggressive tumors containing fewer than 500,000 cells (<2 mm in diameter) are likely to pass undetected through most of these scans (Gescheit et al, 2010;Absalan et al, 2012). To exacerbate this problem, a tumor of this size can effectively undergo 19 cell doublings to generate a predicted lethal load of 10 10 to 10 12 cells, which will lead to continued and uncontrollable growth if left untreated (Alroy and Yarden, 2000;Aksel and Mikhailov, 2005;Jemal et al, 2005;Allan et al, 2006).…”

“…However, most previous studies evaluated qualitative infrared imaging detection methods, although it is difficult to distinguish clearly between benign and malignant tumors using thermal images alone (Liu and Lin, 2010;Ye and Shi, 2013). Today, a somewhat better understanding of thermal pattern changes has been established (Lawson and Alt, 1965;Draper and Jones, 1969;Feasey et al, 1970;Gautherie, 1980;Jones and Plassman, 2002;Chunfang et al, 2005;Gescheit et al, 2010;Zastrow et al, 2010;Absalan et al, 2012;He et al, 2012;Qian et al, 2012;SalmanOgli and Rostami, 2012). Because tumor tissue is generally assumed to exhibit increased vascularity and a higher metabolic rate relative to normal tissue, the former is considered to be an internal heat source.…”