Simulation of calcium oxalate stone in vitro

Influence of PSSS on the morphology and polymorph of calcium carbonate in the ethanol–water mixed system

“…These results obviously indicated that higher PSSS concentration in the mixed system would inhibit the formation of calcite phase, meanwhile promoting the formation of thermodynamically unstable vaterite phase. According to the nucleation and growth theory [38,39], to form a new nucleator, an activation energy ( G N ) must be overcome. G N can be expressed as:…”

Influence of PSSS additive and temperature on morphology and phase structures of calcium oxalate

“…It was not surprising that the particle size of CaOx decreased with increasing PSSS concentration. Recently many researches have shown that COD is easily expelled from the body along with urine [8]. Thus, if more COD could be induced into urine by a certain additive, this additive might act as a good inhibitor for urinary stones.…”

“…In recent years, there has been more and more research on the crystallization of calcium oxalate, which is the most common biomineral in higher plants and the major inorganic constituent of human kidney stones [4,[8][9][10]. In nature, calcium oxalate exists in three different hydrates.…”

“…In nature, calcium oxalate exists in three different hydrates. The monoclinic monohydrate (COM, whewellite), which is the thermodynamically most stable phase at room temperature [8][9][10][11][12], is followed by the tetragonal dihydrate (COD, weddellite) and the triclinic calcium oxalate trihydrate (COT) [12,13]. COM and COD are the most common phytocrystals and are among the main constituents of kidney stones, whereas COT is rarely found in kidney stones [4].…”

Comparative investigations of ultrafine crystals in urine of healthy human and lithogenic patients

“…Urolithiasis remains a major medical problem in China, especially in Guangdong province of the south of China [1]. Many in vitro methods have been used to study the complicated processes of nucleation, growth and aggregation of urinary crystals such as calcium oxalate (CaOxa) and phosphates in the presence of various substances found in urine in an attempt to elucidate the formation mechanism of urolithiasis.…”