Simulation of Recombinant Lead‐Acid Batteries

Newman, John; Tiedemann, William

doi:10.1149/1.1837963

Cited by 79 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…We used ␥ = 0 for the negative electrode, a value used in literature. 4,6,7 We will later examine the influence of the values used. Charge balance in the solid phase combined with Ohm's law gives an equation for the potential in the electrode phase…”

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To cite a few, Gu et al 1 and Nguyen and White 2 developed a one-dimensional ͑1D͒ model; a two-dimensional ͑2D͒ model of lead oxide electrode was developed by Dimpault-Darcy et al; 3 Bernardi et al 4 developed a 2D model of the cell; nonisothermal effects were examined by Huang and Nguyen; 5 and oxygenrecombinant cells were modeled by Bernardi and Carpenter 6 and Newman and Tiedemann. 7 These models can predict the discharge period of a battery once a cutoff voltage is specified. However, these models have focused on predicting the performance of the battery at normally encountered ambient temperatures.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Simplified Mathematical Model for Effects of Freezing on the Low-Temperature Performance of the Lead-Acid Battery

Gandhi¹,

Shukla

Martha

et al. 2009

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Discharge periods of lead-acid batteries are significantly reduced at subzero centigrade temperatures. The reduction is more than what can be expected due to decreased rates of various processes caused by a lowering of temperature and occurs despite the fact that active materials are available for discharge. It is proposed that the major cause for this is the freezing of the electrolyte. The concentration of acid decreases during battery discharge with a consequent increase in the freezing temperature. A battery freezes when the discharge temperature falls below the freezing temperature. A mathematical model is developed for conditions where charge-transfer reaction is the rate-limiting step, and Tafel kinetics are applicable. It is argued that freezing begins from the midplanes of electrodes and proceeds toward the reservoir in-between. Ionic conduction stops when one of the electrodes freezes fully and the time taken to reach that point, namely the discharge period, is calculated. The predictions of the model compare well to observations made at low current density ͑C/5͒ and at −20 and −40°C. At higher current densities, however, diffusional resistances become important and a more complicated moving boundary problem needs to be solved to predict the discharge periods. The lead-acid battery was invented as early as 1859 by Raymond Gaston Planté. Today, it happens to be the most widely used storage battery for a range of applications, from powering bicycle headlights to electric vehicles. It offers several advantages: the highest cell voltage among aqueous electrolyte batteries, ability to operate over a wide range of temperatures, an acceptable energy efficiency of over 80%, an acceptable level of charge retention, and nearly 100% recyclability of spent batteries. Predicting the performance of leadacid batteries is therefore of importance, and several models have been developed for this purpose. They take into account the finite rate of the charge-transfer reactions, and ohmic as well as diffusional resistances. To cite a few, Gu et al. 1 7 These models can predict the discharge period of a battery once a cutoff voltage is specified. However, these models have focused on predicting the performance of the battery at normally encountered ambient temperatures. References ͑see, for example, Chapter 23 in Ref. 8 and the book by Bode 9 ͒ do point to severely curtailed discharge periods when the battery is operated at temperatures well below the freezing point of water ͑i.e., 0°C͒. The same is demonstrated by data on discharge at constant current density obtained in our laboratories and shown in Table I: The discharge period is reduced from 5 h at 25°C to 2.75 h at −40°C. As evident from the longer discharge period at 25°C, the discharge period at low temperatures is reduced even though the battery still has a considerable amount of unreacted active materials. The objective of the present paper is to present a simplified model to explain the drastic reduction in discharge periods at low temperatures. A major reason f...

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Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Simplified Mathematical Model for Effects of Freezing on the Low-Temperature Performance of the Lead-Acid Battery

Gandhi¹,

Shukla

Martha

et al. 2009

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Compared with the conventional battery such as lithium-ion and lead-acid [7][8][9][10], a few of models were developed for the vanadium redox flow battery in recent years. For example, You et al [11] presented a two-dimensional dimensionless mathematical model for a flow-through porous electrode, in which the effect of mass transfer, ohmic resistance and electrode reaction kinetics on the performance of porous electrode was investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A three-dimensional model for negative half cell of the vanadium redox flow battery

Zhang

Xing

2011

Electrochimica Acta

175

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“…Suitably validated tools can be used to inform cell testing programmes, aid optimisation and cell design, and, moreover, provide insight into the fundamental processes inside a working cell. In contrast to conventional batteries such as the lead-acid and lithium-ion [7][8][9][10][11][12] and fuel cells [13][14][15][16], there are few examples RFB modelling. A transient, two-dimensional model based on conservation principles, incorporating the fundamental modes of transport and a kinetic model for reactions involving vanadium species, was developed in [17] for the all-vanadium RFB.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-isothermal modelling of the all-vanadium redox flow battery

Al-Fetlawi

Shah

Walsh

2009

Electrochimica Acta

229

133

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Redox flow battery Vanadium Modelling and simulation Energy balance Temperature a b s t r a c tAn non-isothermal model for the all-vanadium redox flow battery (RFB) is presented. The twodimensional model is based on a comprehensive description of mass, charge, energy and momentum transport and conservation, and is combined with a global kinetic model for reactions involving vanadium species. Heat is generated as a result of activation losses, electrochemical reaction and ohmic resistance. Numerical simulations demonstrate the effects of changes in the operating temperature on performance. It is shown that variations in the electrolyte flow rate and the magnitude of the applied current substantially alter the charge/discharge characteristics, the temperature rise and the distribution of temperature. The influence of heat losses on the charge/discharge behaviour and temperature distribution is investigated. Conditions for localised heating and membrane degradation are discussed.

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Simulation of Recombinant Lead‐Acid Batteries

Cited by 79 publications

References 3 publications

Simplified Mathematical Model for Effects of Freezing on the Low-Temperature Performance of the Lead-Acid Battery

Simplified Mathematical Model for Effects of Freezing on the Low-Temperature Performance of the Lead-Acid Battery

A three-dimensional model for negative half cell of the vanadium redox flow battery

Non-isothermal modelling of the all-vanadium redox flow battery

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