Developments in the theory of flooded porous electrodes are reviewed with regard to simulation of primary and secondary batteries, adsorption of ions and double‐layer charging, and flow‐through electrochemical reactors.

Modeling of recombinant lead-acid batteries is extended to improve the description of oxygen generation and recombination and to introduce limited rates of transport of Pb`t ions on charge as well as hydrogen generation and recombination. A simple, lumped-parameter model is deemed to be adequate to treat system behavior at low rates of charge. The oxygen recombination can be treated as either chemical or electrochemical, and this issue should not be considered to be completely resolved. Model results are compared with experimental results from the literature for cell potential and pressure for several charging rates and extended to the case where the rate is increased or decreased after the battery has been fully charged.

h i g h l i g h t sA radial mass-transport coefficient is used to modify the thermal-electrochemical Dualfoil model. Simulation of current and temperature under very-high-current discharge is achieved. Mass-transport limitation decreased by high cell temperature causes a rapid temperature rise. Effective heat transfer outside the cell center is critical. a b s t r a c tThe Dualfoil model is used to simulate the electrochemical behavior and temperature rise for MCMB/ LiCoO 2 Li-ion cells under a small constant-resistance load, approaching a short-circuit condition. Radial mass transport of lithium from the center of the pore to the pore wall has been added to the model to describe better current limitations at very high discharge currents. Electrolyte and solid-surfaceconcentration profiles of lithium ions across the cell at various times are developed and analyzed to explain the lithium-ion transport limitations. Sensitivity tests are conducted by changing solution and solid-state diffusion coefficients, and the heat-transfer coefficient. Because diffusion coefficients increase at high temperature, calculated discharge curves can show currents dropping initially but then rising to a second peak, with most of the available capacity being consumed in the second peak. Conditions which lead to such a second peak are explored.Published by Elsevier B.V.

The effects of electrode resistance and electrochemical polarization on potential measurements made with reference electrodes in various locations are demonstrated for electrodes with full-width tabs and idealized polarization characteristics. Nonuniform current distribution, which changes during discharge, can lead to complex behavior in the measurements, which would be missed in the overall cell potential. To detect individual electrode polarization and limiting-electrode behavior during discharge, it is recommended that the reference-electrode probe be placed between the working electrodes reasonably close to the tabs.