2015
DOI: 10.1111/jace.13557
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Simulation of the Spray Drying of Single Granules: The Correlation Between Microscopic Forces and Granule Morphology

Abstract: In the ceramic industry, spray drying is an important process transforming fine primary powder into processable granular material. Granule formation at spray drying has been investigated in the past and plausible explanatory models have been established for the governing mechanisms of granule formation. In this study, we use numerical modeling via coupled discrete element method and computational fluid dynamics simulations to investigate this formation process. The focus lies on the evolution of the granule mo… Show more

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Cited by 13 publications
(11 citation statements)
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“…Pure iron oxide aggregates show an irregular shape (Figure 4A) similar to doughnut-like or deflated structures caused by the buckling of a shell formed during the drying process that is influenced by cohesive and compressive forces in the drying droplet. 21,33 The addition of SiO 2 to the nanoparticle suspension results in a gradual change in the morphology (Figure 4B) and leads to spherical aggregates with 20% SiO 2 (Figure 4C) with an iron oxide shell around a silica core based on the segregation of the bimodal particles. 28 The shape does not change when the SiO 2 content is increased further (Figure 4D).…”
Section: Results and Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Pure iron oxide aggregates show an irregular shape (Figure 4A) similar to doughnut-like or deflated structures caused by the buckling of a shell formed during the drying process that is influenced by cohesive and compressive forces in the drying droplet. 21,33 The addition of SiO 2 to the nanoparticle suspension results in a gradual change in the morphology (Figure 4B) and leads to spherical aggregates with 20% SiO 2 (Figure 4C) with an iron oxide shell around a silica core based on the segregation of the bimodal particles. 28 The shape does not change when the SiO 2 content is increased further (Figure 4D).…”
Section: Results and Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The small iron oxide particles will form a shell of the droplet with a thin, closely packed wall that remains stable during most of the drying process and leads to the formation of a hollow sphere that ultimately collapses, resulting in the buckling of the aggregates similar to the observation described by Sen et al 34 The introduction of bigger silica particles into the suspension changes the processes during the drying of the droplet, with the iron oxide wall being thinner and the particles able to reorganize while the droplet shrinks, thus leading to spherical aggregates. 23,33 Additionally, the surface of the aggregates shows increasing roughness with a higher content of the silica particles.…”
Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These granular structures were not observed in the spin‐SnO 2 film, confirming that the granular structures were only formed via spray deposition. [ 44 ] Due to its granular morphology, spray‐SnO 2 film exhibits a marginally higher specific root‐mean‐square (RMS) roughness of ≈2.1 nm compared to the spin‐SnO 2 film (RMS roughness ≈0.9 nm). The granular morphology of the spray‐SnO 2 film can be regarded as a mesoporous morphology that can improve the contact area between SnO 2 ETL and perovskite, which is favorable for interfacial charge transfer.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A reasonable parameter space has been identified in preliminary test runs. A more in depth discussion of the coarse graining and the interpretation of the cohesion model can be found in [37]. The carrier fluid was chosen to be water as often used in the ceramic industry (e.g.…”
Section: Application To Spray Dryingmentioning
confidence: 99%