Simulations of Spontaneous Action Potentials via the Combination of β 1-Adrenergic Stimulation and NCX Mutation in Cardiac Myocytes of Mouse Left Ventricle

Distinct physiological effects of β1- and β2-adrenoceptors in mouse ventricular myocytes: insights from a compartmentalized mathematical model

“…The model is based on the previously developed mathematical model of the ␤ 1 -adrenergic signaling system in mouse ventricular cells, which was extensively verified by the experimental data on the activation of ␤ 1 -ARs (6,27). The model (6) was also recently used by Esprito Santo et al (23) for simulation of the larger susceptibility of isoproterenol-stimulated mouse cardiac cells to DADs with I NaCa overexpression. We only added the ␤ 2 -ARs activation module in the ␤ 1 -and ␤ 2 -adrenergic pathways before the module of cAMP production/degradation and modified adenylyl cyclase module to include the effects of G i , which were validated by the thorough experimental data on interaction between ␤ 1 -and ␤ 2 -ARs and cAMP dynamics in different compartments in mice (51) as outlined below.…”