Simultaneous analysis of frequently used licit and illicit psychoactive drugs in breast milk by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Marchei, Emilia; Escuder, Diana; Pallás, Carmen; Garcı́a-Algar, Óscar; Gómez, A.; Friguls, Bibiana; Pellegrini, Manuela; Pichini, Simona

doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.028

Cited by 86 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Results suggest that tetrahydrocannabinol is secreted in human milk, is absorbed by the nursing infant, and may also be metabolized by the infant, although firm conclusions are difficult to draw given methodological limitations (e.g., sample size, limited number of sampling points). 6,7 The other two studies were longitudinal studies examining how marijuana exposure via breastfeeding impacts infant development. In the first, infants whose mothers used marijuana during lactation (n = 27) had similar growth outcomes, mental and motor development, and weaning ages compared with infants of nonusing mothers (n = 35).…”

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confidence: 99%

Surveying Lactation Professionals Regarding Marijuana Use and Breastfeeding

Bergeria

Heil

2015

Breastfeeding Medicine

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Background: Breastfeeding is associated with substantial benefits for both the child and mother. Most guidelines state that women who use illicit drugs should not breastfeed. Although this recommendation has traditionally included marijuana, this drug's changing legal status and the limited scientific research regarding marijuana's effect on breastfeeding and the nursing child may lead to varying recommendations made by lactation professionals to clients who use marijuana. Additionally, to our knowledge, there are no data estimating the prevalence of marijuana use among breastfeeding women, making it unclear how common it is. This study assessed recommendations around breastfeeding and marijuana use and estimated the prevalence of marijuana use among breastfeeding women. Materials and Methods: A convenience sample of lactation professionals who practice throughout New England and were attending the 2014 Vermont Lactation Consultant Association conference was offered the opportunity to complete a five-item survey. Results: Of 120 conference attendees, 74 completed the survey. Forty-four percent reported their recommendations around breastfeeding and marijuana use depended on factors like the severity of maternal use. Another 41% reported recommending continued breastfeeding because the benefits outweigh the harms. The remaining 15% reported recommending that a woman should stop breastfeeding if she cannot stop using marijuana. Survey completers estimated that 15% (1,203/7,843) of their breastfeeding clients in the past year used marijuana. Conclusions: Lactation professionals vary widely in their recommendations to breastfeeding clients who use marijuana. The estimate of prevalence also suggests this is a relatively common issue. More research is needed to assess the generalizability of these findings.

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confidence: 99%

Surveying Lactation Professionals Regarding Marijuana Use and Breastfeeding

Bergeria

Heil

2015

Breastfeeding Medicine

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“…Finally, low concentrations of morphine were identified together with methadone and its metabolite in the third milk sample from the mother on methadone maintenance program demonstrating a possible relapse in opiates consumption [113].…”

Section: Analytical Methods For Determination Of Licit and Illicit Drugmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Minor metabolites such as: cotinine N-oxide and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine have been detected for the first time in the work of Pellegrini et al [112]. Finally, Pichini's research team published an assay that could quantify licit (caffeine, nicotine and cotinine) and illicit drugs (heroin metabolites, cocaine, cannabinoids and amphetamines) in the same run using LC-MS/MS in donated breast milk [113]. The method involved a fast and simple extraction procedure, presented a high throughput, adequate linearity, accuracy and precision to be used for rapid screening of milk samples continuously arriving at a milk bank.…”

Section: Analytical Methods For Determination Of Licit and Illicit Drugmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal and Neonatal Hair and Breast Milk in The Assessment of Perinatal Exposure to Drugs of Abuse

et al. 2015

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Perinatal exposure to one or more drugs of abuse can affect the neonate temporarily or permanently. In addition to meconium, the evaluation of perinatal exposure to drugs of abuse has been achieved by testing biological matrices coming from the newborn (neonatal hair) and from the pregnant or nursing mother (maternal hair and breast milk). These matrices have the advantage of noninvasive collection and account for a sizable time window of active and passive exposure. Sensitive and specific analytical methods are required to determine minute amounts of drugs of abuse and metabolites in these matrices. The present manuscript reviews the newest analytical methods developed to detect drugs of abuse as well as ethanol biomarkers in maternal and neonatal hair and breast milk.

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“…Most of published methods described quantification of psychotropic drugs on different C18 columns [7][8][9][10][11][12]. However the use of C8 [13,14], CN [15,16], Phenyl-Hexyl [17] is sometimes reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retention, separation selectivity and system efficiency of selected basic psychotropic drugs on different RPLC columns

et al. 2015

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Retention parameters of psychotropic drug standards were determined on different columns, i.e., Octadecyl silica, Phenyl, Phenyl-Hexyl, Polar Reverse Phase, Pentafluorophenyl, and Cyanopropyl using aqueous eluent systems containing methanol or acetonitrile as organic modifiers, acetate buffer at pH 3.5 and addition of silanol blocker − diethylamine (DEA).The retention, separation selectivity, and sequence of elution were different when using eluents containing various organic modifiers. The significant differences were observed in retention parameters with a change of the used stationary phase. The various properties of stationary phases resulted in differences in analyte retention, peaks shape, systems efficiency and separation selectivity. The best shape of peaks were on Cyanopropyl (CN) column and the highest efficiency for most investigated psychotropic drugs were obtained on Phenyl-Hexyl and Polar RP columns.

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Simultaneous analysis of frequently used licit and illicit psychoactive drugs in breast milk by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Cited by 86 publications

References 31 publications

Surveying Lactation Professionals Regarding Marijuana Use and Breastfeeding

Surveying Lactation Professionals Regarding Marijuana Use and Breastfeeding

Maternal and Neonatal Hair and Breast Milk in The Assessment of Perinatal Exposure to Drugs of Abuse

Retention, separation selectivity and system efficiency of selected basic psychotropic drugs on different RPLC columns

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