Simultaneous Changes in Astigmatism with Noncycloplegia Refraction and Ocular Biometry in Chinese Primary Schoolchildren

Lin, Yaoyao; Jiang, Dandan; Li, Chunchun; Chang, Xiao; Vasudevan, Balamurali; Huang, Xiaoqiong; Zhou, Wen; Qin, Lei; Chen, Yanyan

doi:10.1155/2019/5613986

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The astigmatism prevalence (26.2%, ≤−0.75 D, 4–12 years of age) was higher in Yunnan (12.7%, ≤−0.75 D, 13–14 years of age), 40 Beijing (10%, ≤−0.75 D, 5–15 years of age), 41 and Wenzhou (20.3%, ≤−0.75 D, 6–9 years of age). 42 Our prevalence was lower than that in other studies, where the prevalence was 42.7% in Guangzhou (≤−0.75 D, 5–15 years old) and 36.3% in Shandong (≤−0.75 D, 4–18 years of age). 4 , 43 Different studies have reported contradictory findings, and we detected correlations with age, region of habitation, sex and myopia refractive error, unlike those reported by Zhao et al, Lin et al and Fotouhi et al 41 , 42 , 44 …”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 81%

“… 42 Our prevalence was lower than that in other studies, where the prevalence was 42.7% in Guangzhou (≤−0.75 D, 5–15 years old) and 36.3% in Shandong (≤−0.75 D, 4–18 years of age). 4 , 43 Different studies have reported contradictory findings, and we detected correlations with age, region of habitation, sex and myopia refractive error, unlike those reported by Zhao et al, Lin et al and Fotouhi et al 41 , 42 , 44 …”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 81%

“…42 Our prevalence was lower than that in other studies, where the prevalence was 42.7% in Guangzhou (≤−0.75 D, 5-15 years old) and 36.3% in Shandong (≤−0.75 D, 4-18 years of age). 4,43 Different studies have reported contradictory findings, and we detected correlations with age, 41,42,44 Uncorrected/undercorrected refractive error (particularly myopia) is the main reason for UCVA/PVA 20/40 or worse. 43,45,46 This type of vision problem can be easily solved by prescribing a pair of suitable spectacles.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

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Prevalence of Refractive Error and Visual Acuity Among School Children in the Plateau Region of Qinghai, China

Wu¹,

Tian²,

Zhang³

et al. 2021

IJGM

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Purpose This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of refractive error and visual acuity among school children in the plateau region of Qinghai, China. Methods The school-based, cross-sectional study was performed in Menyuan, Qinghai, China. Three kindergartens and three primary schools were randomly enrolled from both rural areas and county towns. The participants had undergone ophthalmic examinations of the intraocular pressure (IOP), uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), presenting visual acuity (PVA) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), cycloplegic refraction, and axial length (AL). Regression analysis was applied to investigate the potential risk factors affecting the prevalence of various refractive errors. Results A total of 3770 children were invited to participate, and 3524 (93.5%) had undergone examination. Among the 3524 children (51.8% boys) with a mean age of 8.3±2.3 years, 1049 (29.8%) had myopia, 30 (0.9%) had high myopia, 1692 (48.0%) had mild hyperopia, 152 (4.3%) had medium to marked hyperopia and 925 (26.2%) had astigmatism. The mean SER was −0.16±1.86 D and decreased with age. The AL increased with age from 21.80±0.59 mm at 4-years to 23.53±1.05 mm at 12-years. The myopia prevalence increased with age from 2.0% at 4 years to 62.8% at 12-years. Myopia was associated with increasing age, county town habitation and girls. Among the 723 participants with PVA 20/40 or worse in one eye, 564 (78.0%) were due to uncorrected refractive error, and 83 (22.0%) were due to undercorrected refractive error. Among the 1049 children with myopia, only 254 wore glasses, and 151 children with PVA had a worse BCVA and did not have accurate spectacles. Conclusion The prevalence of myopia is very high among school children in Menyuan. Only 24.2% of myopic children wore glasses, and 59.4% of children did not have accurate spectacles. Strategies to improve access to eye care and affordable glasses are needed.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

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Prevalence of Refractive Error and Visual Acuity Among School Children in the Plateau Region of Qinghai, China

Wu¹,

Tian²,

Zhang³

et al. 2021

IJGM

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“…Animal studies have demonstrated that axial elongation is a contributing factor in the development of astigmatism [9,10] . Researchers also found that a longer axial length is a risk factor for developing clinically signi cant astigmatism (≤ -0.75D) in Chinese schoolchildren [11] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progression of astigmatism and myopia in children after school lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic

Teoh,

Ng,

Rosland

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic was found to increase the prevalence of astigmatism and myopia among schoolchildren. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the school lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic on the changes in astigmatism and myopia in children with pre-existing astigmatism. A total of 247 children aged 5-17 years with refractive astigmatism who had been followed up in a pediatric ophthalmology clinic were included in this single-center study. Changes in refractive astigmatism and myopia before and after a year of school lockdown were recorded. A questionnaire focusing on demographic data, digital screen time, daytime outdoor activities duration, daily online classes duration, type of digital devices used, and type of light source used during screen time was administered. The median age of participants was 9.0 years (5, 17). The median cylindrical power and spherical equivalence of the children worsened after school lockdown (p=.011 and p= <.001 respectively). Subgroup analysis by age found that astigmatic progression was significant in primary school children (7-12 years old), while myopic progression was significant in primary and secondary school children (13-17 years old). There was a positive correlation between astigmatism and myopia progression (r (166) = .23, p = .003). During the lockdown, digital screen time and daily online classes duration increased while daily outdoor activities duration reduced. There were accelerated astigmatic and myopic progressions in children after the school lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Further studies are required to investigate the underlying etiology of the changes in refractive errors in school-going children post school lockdown.

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“…Evaluation of the prospective cross-sectional study refraction status of students under cycloplegia and non-cycloplegia, together with ocular biometry, will enhance our understanding of the myopia epidemic, especially in China. However, previous studies reported the individual ocular parameters separately ( 7 – 9 ), evaluated them with a non-cycloplegia situation ( 10 ), or reported narrow age results ( 1 ). In addition, several studies were conducted approximately 10 years ago ( 11 , 12 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beijing Pinggu Childhood Eye Study: The Baseline Refractive Characteristics in 6- to 12-Year-Old Chinese Primary School Students

Xing

Jia

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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PurposeTo report the design and baseline data of a 3-year cohort study in Beijing Pinggu District primary school students in China after COVID-19.MethodsNoncycloplegic and cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER) were measured, ocular biometry, including the axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD) and corneal power (CP), were collected before cycloplegia. Corneal radius (CR), AL-to-CR ratio, and lens power (LP) were calculated.ResultsAmong the 4,806 (89.1%) eligible students (51.5% male), the prevalence of emmetropia, myopia, mild hyperopia, and mild-to-high hyperopia was 12.8, 30.8, 53.0, and 3.3% after cycloplegia, respectively. Myopia increased from 2.5% in 6- to 71.6% in 12-year-old students, with 9- and 10-year-olds showing the most prominent increases. The median of cycloplegic SER was 0.50 (IQR = 1.63), and the noncycloplegic SER was −0.38 D (IQR = 1.50), which is more negative than the cycloplegic refraction. The mean AL increased with age, from 22.46 ± 0.70 mm to 24.26 ± 1.07 mm. The ACD increased from 3.38 ± 0.28 mm to 3.70 ± 0.30 mm, and the AL-to-CR ratio increased from 2.91 ± 0.08 to 3.12 ± 0.13 between 6- and 12-year-old students. AL, CR and LP explained the SER variance with R2 of 86.4% after adjusting the age and gender.Conclusions and RelevanceThe myopia prevalence since emergence of COVID-19 rapidly increased from 6- to 12-year primary school Chinese children, especially after 7 years of age. The non-cycloplegia SER overestimated the prevalence of myopia, and the cycloplegic SER is a more accurate and reliable method to assess the prevalence of refractive status.

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Simultaneous Changes in Astigmatism with Noncycloplegia Refraction and Ocular Biometry in Chinese Primary Schoolchildren

Cited by 3 publications

References 39 publications

Prevalence of Refractive Error and Visual Acuity Among School Children in the Plateau Region of Qinghai, China

Prevalence of Refractive Error and Visual Acuity Among School Children in the Plateau Region of Qinghai, China

Progression of astigmatism and myopia in children after school lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic

Beijing Pinggu Childhood Eye Study: The Baseline Refractive Characteristics in 6- to 12-Year-Old Chinese Primary School Students

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