Simultaneous determination of amantadine and rimantadine in feed by liquid chromatography-Qtrap mass spectrometry with information-dependent acquisition

Abstract

A sensitive method for simultaneous determination of amantadine and rimantadine in feed was developed using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Qtrap-MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring information-dependent acquisition-enhanced product ion (MRM-IDA-EPI) mode, and employing the mixed cation exchange (MCX) solid-phase extraction column as sample cleanup and amantadine-d and rimantadine-d as internal standards, respectively. Compared to traditional MRM mode, for the targeted drugs in feed simultaneously both the secondary mass spectra and MRM information can be obtained using UHPLC-Qtrap-MS with MRM-IDA-EPI mode, and thus more accurate qualitative confirmation results achieved even at lower concentration of 0.2 μg/L in acceptable purity fit values. After optimization of sample preparation, good linearities (R > 0.9994) were obtained over the concentration range from 1 to 200 μg/L for amantadine and rimantadine. The precision was validated by intra-day and inter-day, and the relative standard deviations were all within 9.61%. Mean recoveries ranged from 76.1 to 112% at spiked concentrations of 0.5-100 μg/kg in three types of feed samples, including formula feed and complex concentrated feed for pigs and premix feed for chicken. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) were 0.2 and 0.5 μg/kg for both drugs, respectively. The application in real feed samples further proved the accuracy and reliability of the developed method. This method provides an important tool to detect illegal uses of amantadine and rimantadine in feed. Graphical abstract Simultaneous quantitation and qualitative confirmation of amantadine and rimantadine in feed by MRM-IDA-EPI.

Highly Sensitive Magnetic-Nanoparticle-Based Immunochromatography Assay for Rapid Detection of Amantadine in Chicken and Eggs

“…Samples (chicken and eggs) were purchased at the local market and identified as blank samples without AMD using LC-MS/MS performed by Jia [24]. The skins and bones of the chickens and the shells of the eggs were removed, and then the samples were homogenized.…”

Comparative review of respiratory diseases caused by coronaviruses and influenza A viruses during epidemic season

“…Amantadine and rimantadine can prevent the virus from shelling in the cytoplasm, thus inhibiting the transmission of virus offspring [118]. Although developed for many years, it has been reported frequently that they are ineffective in clinical treatment due to drug resistance of almost all currently circulating IAVs [119].…”

“…Although developed for many years, it has been reported frequently that they are ineffective in clinical treatment due to drug resistance of almost all currently circulating IAVs [119]. Furthermore, they have a relatively large side effect on the human central nervous system, thus are no longer recommended by WHO as the first choice of anti-influenza drugs for the treatment or prophylaxis of influenza [118].…”

Development and validation of HPLC method for simultaneous determination of rimantadine marketed product

“…Additionally, one study comparing chromatography columns and rapid pretreatment for the simultaneous analysis of rimantadine in chicken muscle using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry was conducted and provided insights into the chemical functionalities and chromatographic separation effectiveness of different columns [12]. Furthermore, presented a method for the simultaneous determination of amantadine and rimantadine in feed by liquid chromatography-Qtrap mass spectrometry with information-dependent acquisition, demonstrating the accuracy and reliability of the developed method [13]. These studies highlight the diverse analytical approaches employed for the quantitative determination of rimantadine, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of its presence in various matrices.…”