Simultaneous determination of equivalent dose to organs and tissues of the patient and of the physician in interventional radiology using the Monte Carlo method

Abstract

This study presents the results of computations of organ equivalent doses and effective doses for the patient and the primary physician during an interventional cardiological examination. The simulations were carried out for seven x-ray spectra (between 60 kVp and 120 kVp) using the Monte Carlo code MCNP. The voxel-based whole-body model VIP-Man was employed to represent both the patient and the physician, the former lying on the operation table while the latter standing 15 cm from the patient at about waist level behind a lead apron. The x-rays, which were generated by a point source positioned around the table and were directed with a conical distribution, irradiated the patient's heart under five major projections used in a coronary angiography examination. The mean effective doses under LAO45, PA, RAO30, LAO45/CAUD30 and LLAT irradiation conditions were calculated as 0.092, 0.163, 0.161, 0.133 and 0.118 mSv/(Gy cm2) for the patient and 1.153, 0.159, 0.145, 0.164 and 0.027 microSv/(Gy cm2) for the shielded physician. The effective doses for the patient determined in this study were usually lower than the literature data obtained through measurements and/or calculations and the discrepancies could be attributed to the fact that this study computes the effective doses specific to the VIP-Man body model, which lacks an ovarian contribution to the gonadal equivalent dose. The effective doses for the physician agreed reasonably well with the literature data.

Asymmetric breast dose in coronary angiography

“…These measurements resulted in a normalized dose conversion factor of $0.16 \text{mGy}/\text{Gy}.{\text{cm}}^2$ for the left breast, $0.08 \text{mGy}/\text{Gy}.{\text{cm}}^2$ for the right breast, and a normalized overall breast dose of $0.12 \text{mGy}/\text{Gy}.{\text{cm}}^2$. Breast dose measurements from the literature 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ranged from 0.03 to $0.12 \text{mGy}/\text{Gy}.{\text{cm}}^2$. The findings from this study are in line with the values found in the literature, although the approach of using Gafchromic film to measure breast dose in coronary angiography hasn't been used before.…”

“…Breast dose measurements can be found in the literature, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 however these are normally performed using thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD) or Monte Carlo‐based simulations with neither method expressing individual breast dose nor the breast dose distribution. Radiochromic film has the advantage of providing spatial dose information over point‐dose measurements and was used to assess breast dose distribution in coronary angiography.…”

Monte Carlo calculations for reporting patient organ doses from interventional radiology

“…Several groups used Monte Carlo methods to simulate the patient doses under IR procedures [22][23][24] . FAX06 and MAX06 phantoms were applied by Kramer et al to calculate organ doses for the most common examinations in X-ray diagnosis [22] .…”

“…FAX06 and MAX06 phantoms were applied by Kramer et al to calculate organ doses for the most common examinations in X-ray diagnosis [22] . Bozkurt and Bor used VIP-Man to simulate the organ doses in an interventional cardiological procedure [23] . Garzón et al employed Monte Carlo code with FASH and MASH phantoms to stimulate the organ doses of patients undergoing hepatic chemoembolization procedures [24] .…”

Organ Absorbed Doses and Effective Doses to the Patient and the Medical Staff in Interventional Radiology Calculated from Voxel Phantom

“…Voxel phantoms have been developed to satisfy the demand to represent the human anatomy more realistically 7) . Recently Bozkurt et al estimated equivalent dose to organs of the patient and the physician in cardiac catheterization using voxel phantom, VIP-man 8) . However, there was not enough dose assessment data derived from voxel phantoms for interventional procedure.…”