Simultaneous Determination of Phenol and p-Cresol in Human Urine by an HPLC Method

Abstract

Summary. Introduction:In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), uremic toxins accumulate in blood and cannot be excreted with urine. Accumulation of these toxins has negative effects on many body functions. Because of the importance of these toxins, we developed and validated a simple, sensitive, accurate, and precise method for the determination of two main uremic toxins: phenol and p-cresol in human urine. Materials and methods: Separation of these analytes in urine samples was achieved by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with a C18 column at 35 °C using the mobile phase of methanol-water (65:35) at a flow rate of 1.4 mL min −1 . Fluorimetric detection was used at 284 nm for excitation and 310 nm for emission. Results: The method is linear over the range of 1.5-35 ng mL −1 and 1-45 ng mL −1 for phenol and p-cresol, respectively. The method was applied to urine samples from 10 healthy subjects and 10 chronic kidney disease patients. Conclusions: This assay appears to be useful in routine analysis of clinical samples for simultaneous determination of phenol and p-cresol levels in urine.

Determination and Difference Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Smokers’ Saliva and Mainstream Smoke

“…These pretreatment processes are quite complicated, and sample loss or oxidation frequently occurs [ 11 , 12 ]. The common methods for the determination of phenolic compounds are gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) [ 13 , 14 ] and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [ 15 , 16 ]. When GC‒MS methods are applied, derivatization is usually necessary since phenolic compounds are oxidized or decomposed at high temperatures [ 11 , 14 ]; furthermore, derivatization must be performed under anhydrous conditions, which is extremely complex, and the results may not be as accurate as required.…”

“…When GC‒MS methods are applied, derivatization is usually necessary since phenolic compounds are oxidized or decomposed at high temperatures [ 11 , 14 ]; furthermore, derivatization must be performed under anhydrous conditions, which is extremely complex, and the results may not be as accurate as required. In contrast, HPLC is performed at room temperature and is usually carried out with a diode array detector [ 15 ] or fluorescence detector [ 16 ]; fluorescence detectors exhibit high selectivity and are resistant to matrix interference [ 17 , 18 ].…”

Voltammetric Ciprofloxacin Sensor Based on Carbon Paste Electrodes Modified with Mesoporous Carbon with Enhancement Effect Using CTAB

“…CIP is used to treat or prevent anthrax in people who may have been exposed to anthrax germs in the air. [1][2][3] The determination of CIP has been reported by high performance liquid chromatography, [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] high performance thin layer chromatography, 23,24 spectrofluorimetry, 25 atomic absorption spectrometry, 26 and rayleigh light scattering technique. 27 However these methods required complicated preconcentration or multisolvent extraction due to the enrichment of CIP from real samples.…”