Simultaneous Determination of Sulfonamides in Honey by Dispersive Liquid-liquid Microextraction Combined with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

Sulfonamides are extensively used in veterinary practice for the treatment of various bacterial infections. Use of sulfonamides in food producing animals may result in sulfonamide residues being present in the edible products. The European Community has established maximum residue limits for sulfonamides in foods of animal origin at 0.1 ppm to ensure the safety of food to the consumers 1. Honey bee larvae are susceptible to American foulbrood or European foulbrood, disease caused by the organism Bacillus larvae, which can devastate hives. Sulfonamides are relatively stable chemotherapeutics known to control this disease 2 but they are not permitted to use for this purpose in most countries. Nevertheless, due to their low price and steady antibiosis effectiveness, illegal use of sulfonamides still exists. So, it is very important to develop a sensitive, rapid and simple method for the determination of sulfonamides. Up to now, a variety of analytical methods have been used to measure sulfonamide residues in biological materials. The main approaches for identification and quantification of sulfonamide residues include: enzyme immunoassay 3-5 , thin-layer chromatography 6,7 and liquid chromatography 8-10. Aiming of cleaning up and concentrating the analytes of interest and

Headspace Microextraction of Sulfonamides from Honey by Hollow Fibers Coupled with Ultrasonic Nebulization

“…A comparison of the present method with other reported methods, including solid-phase extraction, , online solid-phase extraction, , liquid–liquid extraction, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, , and sugaring-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction, for the determination of sulfonamides in honey was made. There are no obvious differences in recoveries obtained by the online solid-phase extraction, sugaring-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction, and the present method, and the LODs obtained by the present method are superior to those obtained with online solid-phase extraction.…”

“…Comparison of Proposed Method with Other Methods. A comparison of the present method with other reported methods, including solid-phase extraction, 29,30 online solidphase extraction, 31,32 liquid−liquid extraction, 33 dispersive liquid−liquid microextraction, 34,35 and sugaring-out assisted liquid−liquid extraction, 36 for the determination of sulfona- In this work, a rapid, simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly sample pretreatment method, UN-HS-HF-LLLME, was successfully developed and applied to the determination of sulfonamides in honey samples. The procedures of extraction, cleanup, separation, and enrichment were carried out in a single step.…”