Simultaneous effects of two fungicides (copper and dimethomorph) on their phytoremediation using Lemna minor

Abstract

Effects of two fungicides, copper and dimethomorph ((E,Z)4-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-4dimethoxyphenyl) acryloyl] morpholine) on Lemna minor growth and phytoremediation were evaluated. The toxicity of copper and dimethomorph alone and in combination, was assessed by growth inhibition of L. minor cultures after 96 and 168 h. Copper had a severe impact on growth (max. inhibition: 90 % at 1,000 μg L(-1)) while dimethomorph (as pure ingredient or formulated as Forum) did not (inhibition <45 % at 1,000 μg L(-1)) after 168 h of treatment. When both chemicals were combined, synergism was observed after 96 h of exposure to copper and Forum. However, this interaction was a simple additivity after 168 h. Additivity was also observed when the pure active ingredient (dimethomorph) replaced Forum in the mixture of copper and dimethomorph at 96 and 168 h. L. minor showed an excellent performance in removing copper from the medium since after 96 h, 36, 60, and 76 % removal were reached for 10, 20, and 30 μg L(-1) of Cu respectively. Copper accumulated in the plants. The removal of copper increased with Forum concentration. After 96 h copper (10 μg L(-1) initial concentration) elimination increased from 36.39 ± 5.86-60.70 ± 6.06 % when Forum concentration increased from 0 to 500 μg L(-1). Accumulation of copper in plants was also increased by Forum but not by the active ingredient alone. Depuration of Forum by L. minor varied between 10 and 40 % after 96 h and it was generally more efficient than that of the pure ingredient. This depuration decreased in the presence of copper possibly due to the metal toxicity.

Indirect effect of made grounds on the aquatic flora and fauna

“…On the other hand, after 14 days, three extracts -1, 4 and 7 stimulated physiological processes of the bacteria. According to various literature reports, duckweed can be successfully used to remove both inorganic [7,8] and organic substances [8] from water, which is also confirmed by the results of this study. The relationship between the observed toxicological effect and the concentration of selected contaminants in the made grounds has also been examined (Figs.…”

“…Figure 1 shows the changes in the inhibition of bacterial bioluminescence for the extracts of the made grounds before and after 7-and 14-day contact times with duckweed. This study was carried out taking into consideration that duckweed is also applied in phytoremediation [6][7][8]. The bioluminescence inhibition for the solutions after the contact with duckweed was lower than for the initial solutions.…”

“…The subject of the study were aqueous extracts of the made grounds containing metallurgical slags. Due to the fact that duckweed is also used for phytoremediation [6][7][8], the solution before and after the contact with the plant was assessed for the toxicity changes using the Microtox ® test by determining the percent inhibition of bioluminescence in Allivibrio fischeri.…”

Microbial Detoxification of Deoxynivalenol (DON), Assessed via a Lemna minor L. Bioassay, through Biotransformation to 3-epi-DON and 3-epi-DOM-1

“…A mineral growth medium for Lemna minor was prepared according to Megateli et al [ 62 ]. A sterile 24-well plate was used to grow Lemna minor in “ Lemna medium”, in a total volume of 2 mL per well.…”

Assessing Toxicity of Organic Aquatic Micropollutants Based on the Total Chlorophyll Content of Lemna minor as a Sensitive Endpoint

“…The single or joint toxicity of different pesticides and degradation products to the aquatic environment has been also widely investigated/tested using Lemna species [16,21,[31][32][33][34][35]. Toxic effect of pesticides was generally evaluated by growth inhibition, but sometimes the sensitivity of this endpoint was not adequate compared to the environmentally realistic effect concentration values.…”