Simultaneous extraction of nicotine and solanesol from waste tobacco materials by the column chromatographic extraction method and their separation and purification
“…Although nicotine can be synthesized artificially from other chemicals, this process is quite expensive, and thus synthetic nicotine is not widely available. The vast majority of commercially available nicotine is extracted from tobacco plants using organic solvents (60,82). E-liquid consumer websites offer extracted nicotine, typically prepared in VG/PG at concentrations ranging from 12 to 100 mg/ml and at volumes up to 20 liters, although details about the manufacturing process or evidence of quality assurance are frequently absent.…”
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes or e-cigs) are designed to heat and aerosolize mixtures of vegetable glycerin, propylene glycol, nicotine, and flavoring additives, thus delivering nicotine by inhalation in the absence of combustion. These devices were originally developed to facilitate smoking cessation and have been available in the United States for over a decade. Since 2010, e-cig use has expanded rapidly, especially among adolescents, despite a paucity of short- and long-term safety data. Patterns of use have shifted to include never smokers and many dual users of e-cigs and combustible tobacco products. Over the last several years, research into the potential toxicities of e-cig aerosols has grown exponentially. In the interim, regulatory policymakers across the world have struggled with how to regulate an increasingly diverse array of suppliers and products, against a backdrop of strong advocacy from users, manufacturers, and tobacco control experts. Herein we provide an updated review of the pulmonary toxicity profile of these devices, summarizing evidence from cell culture, animal models, and human subjects. We highlight the major gaps in our current understanding, emphasize the challenges confronting the scientific and regulatory communities, and identify areas that require more research in this important and rapidly evolving field.
“…Although nicotine can be synthesized artificially from other chemicals, this process is quite expensive, and thus synthetic nicotine is not widely available. The vast majority of commercially available nicotine is extracted from tobacco plants using organic solvents (60,82). E-liquid consumer websites offer extracted nicotine, typically prepared in VG/PG at concentrations ranging from 12 to 100 mg/ml and at volumes up to 20 liters, although details about the manufacturing process or evidence of quality assurance are frequently absent.…”
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes or e-cigs) are designed to heat and aerosolize mixtures of vegetable glycerin, propylene glycol, nicotine, and flavoring additives, thus delivering nicotine by inhalation in the absence of combustion. These devices were originally developed to facilitate smoking cessation and have been available in the United States for over a decade. Since 2010, e-cig use has expanded rapidly, especially among adolescents, despite a paucity of short- and long-term safety data. Patterns of use have shifted to include never smokers and many dual users of e-cigs and combustible tobacco products. Over the last several years, research into the potential toxicities of e-cig aerosols has grown exponentially. In the interim, regulatory policymakers across the world have struggled with how to regulate an increasingly diverse array of suppliers and products, against a backdrop of strong advocacy from users, manufacturers, and tobacco control experts. Herein we provide an updated review of the pulmonary toxicity profile of these devices, summarizing evidence from cell culture, animal models, and human subjects. We highlight the major gaps in our current understanding, emphasize the challenges confronting the scientific and regulatory communities, and identify areas that require more research in this important and rapidly evolving field.
“…7 indicated that a maximum purity of 93 % was achievable at 0.5 % (v/v) concentration of ethyl acetate in hexane. It is important to note that this level purity was achieved in only two steps that is more convenient than previous studies that involved multiple steps such as saponification, crystallization and chromatography followed by another step of recrystallization [31, 41]. Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The extract (23–40% purity) was diluted with hexane (1:10 v/v) and was loaded on the equilibrated silica bed. Further, the washing step was conducted by hexane, and after that, the elution was optimised by using 0.5–1 % (v/v) ethyl acetate concentration in hexane [31].…”
Solanesol, the precursor for the synthesis of coenzyme Q10, is currently recovered from tobacco leaves by conventional extraction techniques that require multiple purification steps and a large amount of organic solvents. We recently identified tomato leaves as an alternative source of solanesol and hypothesized that a high-pressure CO
2
extraction could be used as a clean extraction process. The effect of CO
2
pressure and temperature on the extraction of solanesol was determined to achieve high yield and purity. It was found that solanesol could be extracted efficiently by subcritical CO
2
at 25 °C from tomato leaves. The extract contained 40% solanesol and other active compounds such as vitamin K1. A higher level of purity of 93% was achieved using a secondary purification step. Different conventional methods for solanesol extraction was compared to determine the most efficient technique for production of solanesol from tomato leaf. The highest yield of solanesol was achieved at nearly 1% dry weight with using subcritical CO
2
, which was superior to conventional methods.
“…To reduce the production cost on the basis of the separation effect, some key parameters were optimized in previous work. For instance, two height‐to‐diameter (H/D) ratios (5:1 and 10:1) of the column were tested for the extraction of substances, and a similar optimization experiment has been reported . Therefore, three H/D ratios of the column (4:1, 5.5:1 and 7:1) were employed in this experiment.…”
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