Simultaneous High Sensitivity Trace-Element and Isotopic Analysis of Gemstones Using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Diversity in Ruby Geochemistry and Its Inclusions: Intra- and Inter- Continental Comparisons from Myanmar and Eastern Australia

“…A plethora of detailed data now exists on ruby characteristics available from many global sites, as exploration, mining and gem researchers, gem institutions and trade laboratories continue to openup studies on this valuable gemstone [2,[81][82][83]. This, with improved techniques of characterizing ruby through analytical advances [84], and more sophisticated statistical methods of identifying links/differences in analytical data from known sources [85][86][87][88], will enlighten future studies. Detailed mineral assemblage studies and P-T conditions of their formation within ruby-host lithology will become further refined to use as potential exploration vectors for new ruby deposits [5].…”

Hydrogen and Oxygen Stable Isotope Ratios of Dolomite-Related Nephrite: Relevance for its Geographic Origin and Geological Significance

“…The application of isotopes has gradually attracted the attention of gemologists (Wang et al, 2016). In addition to hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios, which can help determine the geographical origins of corundum and emerald (Giuliani et al, 1998(Giuliani et al, , 2000(Giuliani et al, , 2005(Giuliani et al, , 2007 et al, 2019), carbon isotopes are considered useful in identifying natural and synthetic diamonds , and radioactive isotopes have also been used to determine the ages of gemstones (Link, 2015).…”

“…A mass spectrometer is needed to determine the isotope ratio values (see box B). The spot produced by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-TOF-MS) for stable isotope analysis of gemstones can be restricted to craters of 10-100 μm in diameter and a few angstroms to microns deep (Giuliani et al, 2000(Giuliani et al, , 2005Abduriyim and Kitawaki, 2006;Wang et al, 2016Wang et al, , 2018. The craters produced are very small, to the point of not being noticeable without magnification.…”

Synthetic Emeralds Grown by W. Zerfass: Historical Account, Growth Technology and Properties

“…Plotted charts can give a graphical indication of groupings and overlaps (e.g. Figure 8 of Wang et al, 2016, at www.gem-a.com/component/edocman/3233wang-additional-plots-to-accompany-figure-8/ download?Itemid=), although these are commonly constrained to two dimensions with two or three variables, while multivariate statistics can generate probabilities expressed in percentages with definable margins of error.…”