Simultaneous homogeneous immunoassay of phenytoin and phenobarbital using a Nafion-loaded carbon paste electrode and two redox cationic labels

A Duplexed Microsphere-Based Fluorescent Immunoassay

“…The assay parameters were optimized to ensure that the presence or absence of one analyte in the same solution did not considerably affect the signal due to the other analyte (4,6,9,15). The duplexed assay system was first evaluated using a fluorescence microscope and microsphere suspensions mounted on microscope slides.…”

“…The former approach uses various labels such as fluorophores, enzymes, metal ions, isotopes, and spin labels (3,6,23,25). Limitations of multilabel methods have led to the development of spatially resolved immunosensors, in which the location of each sensor in the array identifies its specificity (11, 13, 15-20, 22, 26).…”

Competitive immunoassay of phenobarbital by microchip electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection

“…However, as a result of the increase in the number of determinations done for antiepileptic drugs, immunoassay has become the most common method for routine therapeutic drug monitoring because of its simplicity, reliability and speed. Besides traditional immunoanalytical methods, fluorescence polarization immunoassay [18], capillary electrochemical enzyme immunoassay [19], electrochemical immunoassay [20,21], time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay [22] and carbonylmetalloimmunoassay [23][24][25] are also available for the determination of phenobarbital in plasma.…”

Determination of amobarbital and secobarbital in plasma samples using micellar liquid chromatography

“…Both amobarbital and secobarbital are metabolized by the liver and they are mostly excreted in urine as their hydroxylated metabolites. Different procedures have been developed in order to determine barbiturates in biological samples, including inmunological techniques (Asselin et al, 1988;O'Connell et al, 1995;Bordes et al, 1997), micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC, Schmutz and Thormann, 1994;Wu et al, 1996;Makino et al, 1997), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Mule and Casella, 1989;Stephenson and Tillmans, 1992;Liu et al, 1994;Meathevall, 1997;Namera et al, 1998), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using UV detection (Soine and Soine, 1987;Rop et al, 1988;Blevins and Henry, 1995;Kuroda et al, 1996), or mass spectrometry (Kanazawa et al, 1998).…”