Simultaneous mapping of SO2, SO, NaCl in Io’s atmosphere with the Submillimeter Array

Ion cyclotron instability at Io: Hybrid simulation results compared to in situ observations

“…The only exception is the outbound pass of the I0 flyby (see Figure d) where the observed wave energy decreases faster with distance from Io then that observed in simulations with high charge exchange rate. This fact implies a faster gradient of neutral density on the sub‐Jovian side than on the anti‐Jovian side and can be regarded as an indication of a collapse of the night side atmosphere in agreement with observations [e.g., Spencer et al , ; Feaga et al , ; Moullet et al , ; Lellouch et al , ].…”

“…An asymmetric model of mass loading rate (with higher mass loading rate on the anti-Jovian dayside) was used by Kabin et al [2001] and provided better fit to Galileo's measurements than a model with spherically symmetric mass loading rate used by the same group earlier [Combi et al, 1998]. Several observations [e.g., Spencer et al, 2005;Feaga et al, 2009;Moullet et al, 2010;Lellouch et al, 2015] indicate that the neutral atmosphere is denser on the anti-Jovian side of Io. On the other hand, Saur et al [2002] and Dols et al [2012] achieve the correct asymmetry of the magnetic field peaks with models that lack the day-night asymmetry but introduce a latitudinal asymmetry instead.…”

Spatially resolved HST/STIS observations of Io’s dayside equatorial atmosphere

“…The proximity of the CML250W SO detection to Loki may suggest that Loki was venting SO gas. However, detailed analysis of sub-mm observations (Moullet et al, 2010) suggests that photolysis is a key source of the gas and that the lifetime of the SO gas in Io's atmosphere is longer on the trailing hemisphere. Thus, the CML250W detection may also/alternatively suggest an enhancement of the SO gas on the trailing hemisphere towards the morning terminator due to the onset of SO 2 photolysis.…”

Detection of chloronium and measurement of the35Cl/37Cl isotopic ratio atz= 0.89 toward PKS 1830–211

“…These constitute the only observations of chloronium in the literature to date. The other chlorine-bearing molecules detected in the interstellar medium are hydrogen chloride, HCl (Blake et al 1985) and the chloroniumyl ion, HCl + (de Luca et al 2012), while metal halides such as NaCl, AlCl, and KCl were detected in the circumstellar envelope IRC+10216 (Cernicharo & Guélin 1987) and in the atmosphere of Io (Lellouch et al 2003;Moullet et al 2010Moullet et al , 2013. Here, we report the first extragalactic detection of chloronium, in the z = 0.89 absorber toward the z = 2.5 blazar PKS 1830−211, and a measurement of the 35 Cl/ 37 Cl isotopic ratio at a look-back time of more than half the present age of the Universe.…”