Thesis for a doctoral degree at the University of Iceland. All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any formEinar has played a major role in conceptualising and planning all of the studies described in this thesis. He has supervised all data analysis and has taken part in revising all of the papers, as well as writing the first draft of paper VII (Retinal oximetry in central retinal artery occlusion).My sincere thanks to my fellow oximetrists, Sindri Traustason and Olof Birna Olafsdottir. Sindri analysed the data from the study on dorzolamide and wrote the first draft of the paper in collaboration with Thor Eysteinsson and myself. Sindri also participated in all subsequent revisions. Olof has collaborated on other oximetry projects (not in this thesis). Thanks to both of them for all the collaboration and discussions on oximetry through the years.My sincere thanks to Maria Soffia Gottfredsdottir for sharing her expertise in glaucoma. Maria was instrumental in recruiting participants for both studies on glaucoma and did most of the clinical examinations as well as al of the glaucoma surgery. She participated in writing both papers on glaucoma.My sincere thanks to Thora Eliasbet Jonsdottir and Samy Basit for collaboration on the light and dark paper. Thora collaborated in gathering the data for the second part of the study and did the first analysis of the data. Samy helped designing both parts of the study and participated in writing the paper. My sincere thanks to all the staff at the Ophthalmology department of Landspı´tali for all the help, support and companionship through the years.Special thanks to the engineers, who made the measurements possible. The retinal oximeter, used here, is based on the work of James Beach and collaborators. James has continued to work with the group through the years. The software used for all analysis of oximetry images for this thesis is the work of Gisli Hreinn Halldorsson and Robert Arnar Karlsson, who have been exceptional collaborators through the years. The technical side of the project was originally run within the Department of Engineering but later in the company Oxymap. My thanks to the staff at Oxymap for collaboration on oximetry in general through the years.My thanks also to those who have collaborated on short-term oximetry projects, which are not in this thesis: