Simultaneous printing and deformation of microsystems <i>via</i> two-photon lithography and holographic optical tweezers

Chizari, Samira; Shaw, Lucas A.; Hopkins, Jonathan B.

doi:10.1039/c8mh01100a

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The on‐demand assembly capability of optical tweezers with high spatial precision has also made it a versatile made‐to‐order tool for the design of complex superstructures in soft‐matter systems such as multicellular structures, [ 204 ] liquid crystals, and supermicelles, [ 46,205 ] and even functional microsystems themselves. [ 206 ] Fabrication of such superstructures and microsystems are general impossible via the conventional top‐down or bottom‐up approaches. Optical force enables the controllable assembly of these soft‐matter building blocks into hierarchical superstructures with high reconfigurability.…”

Section: Optical Forces For Biological Explorationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Chizari et al reported a fabrication technique combined TPL with HOTs to enable the fabrication of polymer‐based integrated microsystems with embedded strain energy. [ 206 ] Such technique allows the print‐and‐deform process to be synchronized and automated. TPL enables the printing of the basic parts of the system, while HOTs enable optical trap to be applied on the system for the assembly and actuation.…”

Section: Optical Forces For Biological Explorationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optical Forces: From Fundamental to Biological Applications

et al. 2020

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Optical forces, generally arising from changes of field gradients or linear momentum carried by photons, form the basis for optical trapping and manipulation. Advances in optical forces help to reveal the nature of light–matter interactions, giving answers to a wide range of questions and solving problems across various disciplines, and are still yielding new insights in many exciting sciences, particularly in the fields of biological technology, material applications, and quantum sciences. This review focuses on recent advances in optical forces, ranging from fundamentals to applications for biological exploration. First, the basics of different types of optical forces with new light–matter interaction mechanisms and near‐field techniques for optical force generation beyond the diffraction limit with nanometer accuracy are described. Optical forces for biological applications from in vitro to in vivo are then reviewed. Applications from individual manipulation to multiple assembly into functional biophotonic probes and soft‐matter superstructures are discussed. At the end future directions for application of optical forces for biological exploration are provided.

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Section: Optical Forces For Biological Explorationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Optical Forces For Biological Explorationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Forces: From Fundamental to Biological Applications

et al. 2020

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“…In the cases where the forces created by OT aren't enough to completely confine a specimen, OT have been combined with other trapping technologies such as acoustics, magnetic tweezers, microfluidics, and mechanical systems (Wuite et al, 2000;Neuman and Nagy, 2008;Thalhammer et al, 2016;Dholakia et al, 2020). OT share a lot of similarities with other systems which use tightly focused beams, including laser scissors (Greulich, 2007(Greulich, , 2017Difato et al, 2011;Berns, 2020) and two photon photopolymerization systems (Grier, 2003;Chizari et al, 2019). By using either different wavelengths, pulsed beams, or simply turning up the laser power, OT systems can be adapted for cutting cells, performing microsurgery (Berns, 2020), and fabricating microstructures for use as probes or OT operated micro-machines (Chizari et al, 2019).…”

Section: Optical Tweezersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…OT share a lot of similarities with other systems which use tightly focused beams, including laser scissors (Greulich, 2007(Greulich, , 2017Difato et al, 2011;Berns, 2020) and two photon photopolymerization systems (Grier, 2003;Chizari et al, 2019). By using either different wavelengths, pulsed beams, or simply turning up the laser power, OT systems can be adapted for cutting cells, performing microsurgery (Berns, 2020), and fabricating microstructures for use as probes or OT operated micro-machines (Chizari et al, 2019).…”

Section: Optical Tweezersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Tweezers Exploring Neuroscience

Lenton

Scott

Rubinsztein‐Dunlop

et al. 2020

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Over the past decade, optical tweezers (OT) have been increasingly used in neuroscience for studies of molecules and neuronal dynamics, as well as for the study of model organisms as a whole. Compared to other areas of biology, it has taken much longer for OT to become an established tool in neuroscience. This is, in part, due to the complexity of the brain and the inherent difficulties in trapping individual molecules or manipulating cells located deep within biological tissue. Recent advances in OT, as well as parallel developments in imaging and adaptive optics, have significantly extended the capabilities of OT. In this review, we describe how OT became an established tool in neuroscience and we elaborate on possible future directions for the field. Rather than covering all applications of OT to neurons or related proteins and molecules, we focus our discussions on studies that provide crucial information to neuroscience, such as neuron dynamics, growth, and communication, as these studies have revealed meaningful information and provide direction for the field into the future.

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“…To overcome these limitations, a number of variations of TPP have been explored . Out of these, the stimulated emission depletion (STED) approach is particularly promising and has demonstrated the smallest feature sizes, allowing for the fabrication of freestanding 3D structures with strut cross‐sectional dimensions as small as 120 × 170 nm with resolutions of 175 and 375 nm in the sense of Abbe and Sparrow, respectively .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive Manufacturing of Nanostructures That Are Delicate, Complex, and Smaller than Ever

Gross

Bertoldi

2019

Small

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Two-photon polymerization (TPP) is enabling fabrication of structures with a combination of small scale resolution and geometric freedom beyond previous capabilities. [1] As such, it has become a popular fabrication technique to study physical systems and phenomena across many disciplines where miniaturization and effects on the nano and microscales are relevant, including optics, [2][3][4][5][6][7] biology, [8][9][10] bioengineering, [11][12][13] robotics, [14][15][16] and solid mechanics. [17][18][19][20] Yet, fabrication with TPP in the most commonly used configuration-where the objective lens of the microscope is in direct contact with a liquid resist-still poses critical design constraints. For example, studies of microlattices have noted that these structure are too delicate to be fabricated when their struts are more than 17.5 times longer than Additive manufacturing with two-photon polymerization (TPP) has opened new opportunities for the rapid fabrication of 3D structures with sub-micrometer resolution, but there are still many fabrication constraints associated with this technique. This study details a postprocessing method utilizing oxygen-plasma etching to increase the capabilities of TPP. Underutilized precision in the typical fabrication process allows this subtractive technique to dramatically reduce the minimum achievable feature size. Moreover, since the postprocessing occurs in a dry environment, high aspect ratio features that cannot survive the typical fabrication route can also be achieved. Finally, it is shown that the technique also provides a pathway to realize structures that otherwise are too delicate to be fabricated with TPP, as it enables to introduce temporary support material that can be removed with the plasma. As such, the proposed approach grants access to a massively expanded design domain, providing new capabilities that are long sought in many fields, including optics, biology, robotics, and solid mechanics. Direct Laser Writing their diameter. [21] Additionally, it has been observed that the resolution of the technique sets a lower bound for the strut diameters to be around 1 µm. [19] To overcome these limitations, a number of variations of TPP have been explored. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Out of these, the stimulated emission depletion (STED) approach is particularly promising and has demonstrated the smallest feature sizes, allowing for the fabrication of freestanding 3D structures with strut cross-sectional dimensions as small as 120 × 170 nm [29] with resolutions of 175 and 375 nm in the sense of Abbe and Sparrow, respectively. [30] However, the STED approach requires complexity in setup that is currently out of reach to most researchers and has only been demonstrated using the conventional oil-immersion configuration, which is decreasing in popularity and limits structures to be less than 100 µm in height. Alternative approaches to enhancing the capabilities of TPP through subtractive methods have also recently been proposed. In particular, new photoresist chemistries...

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Simultaneous printing and deformation of microsystems via two-photon lithography and holographic optical tweezers

Abstract: Microstructures with embedded strain energy are fabricated by an advanced approach that combines two-photon lithography with holographic optical tweezers.

Cited by 25 publications

References 35 publications

Optical Forces: From Fundamental to Biological Applications

Optical Forces: From Fundamental to Biological Applications

Optical Tweezers Exploring Neuroscience

Additive Manufacturing of Nanostructures That Are Delicate, Complex, and Smaller than Ever

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