Simultaneous recycling of nickel metal hydride, lithium ion and primary lithium batteries: Accomplishment of European Guidelines by optimizing mechanical pre-treatment and solvent extraction operations

Reclaiming rare earth elements from end-of-life products: A review of the perspectives for urban mining using hydrometallurgical unit operations

“…The loss of material during treatment was about 10% wt. Mechanical pretreatment of mixed spent portable batteries was investigated by Granata et al (2012). Spent portable NiMH batteries were crushed in a two-rotor crusher.…”

Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: a novel method to separate coating and foil of electrodes

“…More information about the state of the art of recycling of lithium-ion batteries is summarized in review publications Espinosa et al, 2004;Georgi-Maschler et al, 2012;Granata et al, 2012b;Hanisch et al, 2015a;Nan et al, 2006;Swain et al, 2007;Vezzini, 2014b;Wen et al, 2012;Xu et al, 2008;Zhang et al, 2013b). An exemplary process chain to recycle lithium-ion battery cells is illustrated in Fig.…”

Beneficiation of cobalt, copper and aluminum from wasted lithium-ion batteries by mechanical processing

“…Other research efforts were focused on pyrometallurgical methods to recover cobalt, nickel and iron (Saeki et al, 2004;Cardarelli and Dube, 2007;Georgi-Maschler et al, 2012). Many studies are also being conducted regarding the simultaneous recycling of mixed types of batteries (Georgi-Maschler et al, 2012;Granata et al, 2012;Nan et al, 2006).…”

“…Physical processes, or mechanical treatment, are always required since metals in batteries are encapsulated in plastic or iron shells (Granata et al, 2012). They are usually applied as a pre-treatment to treat the outer cases and shells and to concentrate the metallic fraction, which will then be submitted to a hydrometallurgical or a pyrometallurgical recycling process.…”