The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria
is the biggest threat
to human health globally, as described by the World Health Organization.
Mechanobactericidal surfaces provide a sustainable approach to addressing
this concern by eradicating pathogens, especially bacteria, “right-at-the-point”
of contacting the surface. However, the lack of a “design to
manufacture” approach due to our limited understanding of the
mechanobactericidal mechanism has impeded engineering optimization
to develop scalable exploitation routes in various healthcare applications.
It can be argued that the reason, most particularly, is the limitations
and uncertainties associated with the current instrumentation and
simulation capabilities, which has led to several streams of test
protocols. This review highlights the current understanding on the
mechanobactericidal mechanisms in light of the contributing factors
and various techniques that are used to postulate these mechanisms.
The review offers a critique on the variations observed on how nanostructured
surfaces found in the literature have been evaluated such that the
test protocols and outcomes are incomparable. The review also shows
a strong need for developing more accurate models of a bacterium because
the currently reported experimental data are insufficient to develop
bacterial material models (constitutive equations).
The review also alludes to the scarcity of direct experimental evidence
of the mechanobactericidal mechanism, suggesting a strong need for
further in situ monitoring as a future research direction.