Single-lane 180  Gbit/s PAM-4 signal transmission over 2  km SSMF for short-reach applications

Zhang, Qiang; Stojanović, Nebojša; Prodaniuc, Cristian; Xie, Changsong; Koenigsmann, Michael; Laskowski, Piotr

doi:10.1364/ol.41.004449

Cited by 40 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…According to the Markov model, the wireless sensor network is divided into channels according to the signal-to-noise ratio of the transmitted signal. If , let , when the signal-to-noise ratio of the GNSS signal transmitted by the wireless sensor network is within the interval, the corresponding channel state is, and the signal-to-noise ratio at this time is the threshold value when the channel is divided [10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Building a Data Transmission Model For Wireless Sensor Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In formula (13), is the delay time required to obtain data of the th channel from the -th channel ; is the service required to obtain data of the -th channel from the k-th channel time; is the time required to transmit a data envelope between two adjacent stages; is the average waiting time to obtain the -th channel from the -th channel .…”

Section: Analyze Wireless Sensor Network Transmission Delaymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Transmission Delay of Wireless Sensor Network Based on GNSS Signal

Liu¹,

Fang²

2020

Proceedings of the 13th EAI International Conference on Mobile Multimedia Communications, Mobimedia 2020, 27-28 August 2020, Cy

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Section: Building a Data Transmission Model For Wireless Sensor Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Analyze Wireless Sensor Network Transmission Delaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Transmission Delay of Wireless Sensor Network Based on GNSS Signal

Liu¹,

Fang²

2020

Proceedings of the 13th EAI International Conference on Mobile Multimedia Communications, Mobimedia 2020, 27-28 August 2020, Cy

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“…A closely related modulation format, attractive because of its narrow bandwidth (BW) and tolerance to fiber chromatic dispersion (CD), is the so-called electrical duobinary (DB) format, the most prominent representative of partial response formats [9]. Although the term normally refers to a three-level signal produced from PAM-2 through spectral shaping, there is a PAM-M equivalent, here referred to as DB-PAM-M, whose optical implementation for M = 4 has recently received attention from the industry and academia [10][11][12][13][14][15]. Formally known as duo-quaternary modulation, the case of M = 4 is interesting because, despite being a seven-level signal, it shares with its M = 2 counterpart the appealing characteristics of tolerance to CD, relatively narrow BW, acceptable receiver sensitivity performance, and reasonably simple implementation [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Performance Comparison of (Duobinary)-PAM-2,4 Signaling under Light and Strong Opto-Electronic Bandwidth Conditions

et al. 2021

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We present a systematic comparison of PAM-2 (NRZ), Duobinary-PAM-2, PAM-4, and Duobinary-PAM-4 (duo-quaternary) signaling in the context of short-reach photonic communications systems using a Mach–Zehnder modulator as transmitter. The effect on system performance with a relaxed and constrained system’s opto-electronic bandwidth is analyzed for bit rates ranging from 20 to 116 Gb/s. In contrast to previous analyses, our approach employs the same experimental and simulation conditions for all modulation formats. Consequently, we were able to confidently determine the performance limits of each format for particular values of bit rate, system bandwidth, transmitter chirp, and fiber dispersion. We demonstrate that Duobinary-PAM-4 is a good signaling choice only for bandwidth-limited systems operating at relatively high speed. Otherwise, PAM-4 represents a more sensible choice. Moreover, our analysis put forward the existence of transition points: specific bit rate values where the BER versus bit rate curves for two different formats cross each other. They indicate the bit rate values where, for specific system conditions, switching from one modulation to another guarantees optimum performance. Their existence naturally led to the proposal of a format-selective transceiver, a component that, according to network conditions, operates with the most adequate modulation format. Since all analyzed modulations share similar implementation details, signaling switching is achieved by simply changing the sampling point and threshold count at the receiver, bringing flexibility to IM/DD-based optical networks.

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“…Recursive least squares (RLS) and least mean squares (LMS) algorithms are two common adaptive algorithms to converge the tap coefficients for TDE. However, with the increase of data rate and modulation level, TDE using RLS algorithm has high computational complexity and TDE using LMS algorithm requires large amount of training samples, which may be not well-suited for future optical interconnects [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

BGD-based Adam algorithm for time-domain equalizer in PAM-based optical interconnects

et al. 2019

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To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, we propose adaptive moment estimation (Adam) algorithm based on batch gradient descent (BGD) to design a time-domain equalizer (TDE) for PAM-based optical interconnects. Adam algorithm has been widely applied in the fields of artificial intelligence. For TDE, BGD-based Adam algorithm can obtain globally optimal tap coefficients without being trapped in locally optimal tap coefficients. Therefore, fast and stable convergence can be achieved by BGD-based Adam algorithm with low mean square error. Meanwhile, BGD-based Adam algorithm is implemented by parallel processing, which is more efficient than conventional serial algorithms, such as least mean square and recursive least square algorithms. The experimental results demonstrate that BGD-based Adam feed-forward equalizer works well in 120-Gbit/s PAM8 optical interconnects. In conclusion, BGD-based Adam algorithm shows great potential for converging the tap coefficients of TDE in future optical interconnects. I. INTRODUCTIONO WING to the emergence of cloud computing and a variety of web applications, large-scale data centers nowadays are resorting to optical interconnects to meet the explosive increase of network traffic [1]. To achieve higher capacity, eightlevel pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM8) is a potential for future optical interconnects although it is sensitive to inter-symbol interference (ISI) and noise [2], [3]. In general, time-domain equalizer (TDE) can be employed to compensate ISI for PAM8 system. Recursive least squares (RLS) and least mean squares (LMS) algorithms are two common adaptive algorithms to converge the tap coefficients for TDE. However, with the increase of data rate and modulation level, TDE using RLS algorithm has high computational complexity and TDE using LMS algorithm requires large amount of training samples, which may be not well-suited for future optical interconnects [4].In recent years, machine learning (ML) algorithms have been widely applied in the fields of artificial intelligence (AI) [5]. Since ML algorithms require large scale training data sets, many efficient adaptive algorithms have been proposed for fast and stable convergence to minimize the error function of ML algorithms [6]- [8]. Since its believed that more data beats better algorithm in AI fields [9], AI scientists often use the distinguished adaptive moment estimation (Adam) algorithm for stochastic optimization without reducing the scale of training set. Generally, there is a trade-off between the accuracy and the number of training samples in the training process [10]. Its very possible to optimize the TDE with traditional structure by using these adaptive algorithms. However, different from ML, in real communication systems, we are supposed to use as few training samples and low computational complexity as possible to get the optimal tap coefficients.In this paper, inspired by advances of AI, we first propose batch gradient descent (BGD)-based Adam algorithm to achieve fast and stable convergence of tap coef...

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Single-lane 180 Gbit/s PAM-4 signal transmission over 2 km SSMF for short-reach applications

Cited by 40 publications

References 4 publications

Analysis of Transmission Delay of Wireless Sensor Network Based on GNSS Signal

Analysis of Transmission Delay of Wireless Sensor Network Based on GNSS Signal

Systematic Performance Comparison of (Duobinary)-PAM-2,4 Signaling under Light and Strong Opto-Electronic Bandwidth Conditions

BGD-based Adam algorithm for time-domain equalizer in PAM-based optical interconnects

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