Single-Mode Emission From Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers With Low-Index Defects

Bao, Ling; Kim, Nam-Heon; Mawst, Luke J.; Elkin, N. N.; Troshchieva, V.N.; Vysotsky, D. V.; Napartovich, Anatoly P.

doi:10.1109/lpt.2006.890058

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…To overcome this limitation, researches investigate a number of indirect approaches, like use of graphene-bubble dielectric distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) [16], double cavities [15], [17], shallow relief [18], zinc-diffusion with oxide-relief [19], [20], grating couplers [21]- [23], or application of antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs) [24]- [27]. This simplest form of such antiresonant structure (S-ARROW) is a low-index core surrounded by a single high-index ring.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing Single-Mode Power in VCSELs With Antiresonant Oxide Island

Więckowska,

Dems

2024

IEEE Photonics J.

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This article focuses on the optimization of single-mode power in Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) through the strategic integration of an antiresonant oxide islands. Using a gallium arsenide-based VCSEL as a case study, we explore the influence of oxide island parameters on lateral mode discrimination in term of threshold currents and emitted powers. The analysis confirms non-uniform variations in threshold currents, with varying oxide island position and size. Leveraging the spatial hole burning effect, we compute the output power and identify optimal island configurations for maximizing single-mode power. The results showcase the efficacy of antiresonant oxide islands in significantly enhancing single-mode power output in VCSELs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing Single-Mode Power in VCSELs With Antiresonant Oxide Island

Więckowska,

Dems

2024

IEEE Photonics J.

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“…These effects limit the laser output power to less than 1 mW [5][6][7]. Various approaches have been considered to overcome this limitation, like use of graphene-bubble dielectric distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) [8], double cavities [4,9], shallow relief [10] zinc-diffusion with oxide-relief [11,12], and grating couplers [13][14][15]. One of the promising possibilities is the application of antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs) within the VCSEL structure [16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of an Antiresonant Oxide Island on the Lasing of Lateral Modes in VCSELs

2020

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Use of antiresonant structures is a proven, efficient method of improving lateral mode selectivity in VCSELs. In this paper, we analyze the impact of a low-refractive antiresonant oxide island buried in a top VCSEL mirror on the lasing conditions of lateral modes of different orders. By performing comprehensive thermal, electrical, and optical numerical analysis of the VCSEL device, we show the impact of the size and location of the oxide island on the current-crowding effect and compute threshold currents for various lateral modes. If the island is placed close to the cavity, the threshold shows strong oscillations, which for moderate island distances can be tuned to increase the side mode discrimination. We are therefore able to pinpoint the most important factors influencing mode discrimination and to identify oxide island parameters capable of providing single-lateral-mode emission.

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“…It has been more than three decades since gain-guided coupled lasers were identified as anti-guided arrays [4] and diffractionlimited coupled output from in-plane diode lasers was achieved [5]. Anti-guided VCSEL arrays have been pursued in the past two decades, starting with 2-element phased VCSEL arrays [6] and followed by reports of two-dimensional (2D) anti-guided VCSEL arrays [7]- [9]. Using epitaxial regrowth to spatially modify the semiconductor composition to create the desired refractive index profile, single mode emission with an on-axis single lobe coherent far-field was reported from a 7 × 7 square VCSEL array photonic lattice with low-index defect states [9].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anti-guided VCSEL arrays have been pursued in the past two decades, starting with 2-element phased VCSEL arrays [6] and followed by reports of two-dimensional (2D) anti-guided VCSEL arrays [7]- [9]. Using epitaxial regrowth to spatially modify the semiconductor composition to create the desired refractive index profile, single mode emission with an on-axis single lobe coherent far-field was reported from a 7 × 7 square VCSEL array photonic lattice with low-index defect states [9]. Similar anti-guiding coupling in 3-element VCSEL arrays has been reported using spatially defined gain created using ion implantation [10], [11].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Divergence Coherently Coupled Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser Ring Arrays

et al. 2022

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We report the theory and experimental verification of a method to reduce beam divergence from coherently-coupled ring arrays of photonic crystal vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs). The photonic crystal etched into the top distributed Bragg reflector defines the optically coupled array elements, each of which has independent current injection and thus independent gain. Using a 2-dimensional complex waveguide model we simulate the supermodes of a 6-element ring array of VCSELs. The influence of the photonic crystal, free carrier loss, laser gain, and carrier-induced index suppression arising from the spatially defined gain regions are included in our analysis. Our simulations show the latter enables preferred anti-guided supermodes with reduced beam divergence. Optical characterization of the spectral and beam characteristics of 6-ring photonic crystal implanted VCSEL arrays shows that when the arrays are current-tuned to quasi-single mode operation, we find the beam divergence angle approaches 2°consistent with our simulations. This method of reduced beam divergence may have advantages for high-brightness applications.

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Single-Mode Emission From Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers With Low-Index Defects

Cited by 13 publications

References 11 publications

Increasing Single-Mode Power in VCSELs With Antiresonant Oxide Island

Increasing Single-Mode Power in VCSELs With Antiresonant Oxide Island

Impact of an Antiresonant Oxide Island on the Lasing of Lateral Modes in VCSELs

Low Divergence Coherently Coupled Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser Ring Arrays

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