Single-Photon Detector Calibration

Polyakov, Sergey V.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-387695-9.00008-1

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…All parameters of the image formation model are described in the Observation model section. The detector's photon detection probability µ = 0.34 at 450 nm (µ = 0.33 at 670 nm) and dark count rate d = 40.9 c/s were calibrated using the method of Polyakov 29 . The remaining unknowns are {a k , b k , c k | k ∈ 1, .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sub-picosecond photon-efficient 3D imaging using single-photon sensors

Heide

Diamond

Lindell

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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Active 3D imaging systems have broad applications across disciplines, including biological imaging, remote sensing and robotics. Applications in these domains require fast acquisition times, high timing accuracy, and high detection sensitivity. Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) have emerged as one of the most promising detector technologies to achieve all of these requirements. However, these detectors are plagued by measurement distortions known as pileup, which fundamentally limit their precision. In this work, we develop a probabilistic image formation model that accurately models pileup. We devise inverse methods to efficiently and robustly estimate scene depth and reflectance from recorded photon counts using the proposed model along with statistical priors. With this algorithm, we not only demonstrate improvements to timing accuracy by more than an order of magnitude compared to the state-of-the-art, but our approach is also the first to facilitate sub-picosecond-accurate, photon-efficient 3D imaging in practical scenarios where widely-varying photon counts are observed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sub-picosecond photon-efficient 3D imaging using single-photon sensors

Heide

Diamond

Lindell

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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“…(photoelectrons), and the rate is much lower than 1 Hz for signals larger than 3 p.e. (assuming DCR in SPE from photocathode approximately 10 kHz and a 10 ns coincidence window) [44,45] and the rate of big pulses related to after pulse in dark is also much lower than 1 Hz [36,37]. For a better understanding of the sources contributing to the dark count, including thermal emission, flashers of the 20-inch PMT, after pulse, muons, and natural radioactivity, a 20-inch PMT test system is employed to measure the dark count rate (DCR) for large pulses [46].…”

Section: Large Pulses From Pmt Dark Countmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dark count of 20-inch PMTs generated by natural radioactivity

Zhang,

Wang,

et al. 2024

J. Inst.

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The primary objective of the JUNO experiment is to determine the ordering of neutrino masses using a 20-kton liquid-scintillator detector. The 20-inch photomultiplier tube (PMT) plays a crucial role in achieving excellent energy resolution of at least 3 % at 1 MeV. Understanding the characteristics and features of the PMT is vital for comprehending the detector's performance, particularly regarding the occurrence of large pulses in PMT dark counts. This research paper aims to further investigate the origin of these large pulses in the 20-inch PMT dark count through measurements and simulations. Our results confirm that natural radioactivity and muons striking the PMT glass are the main sources of the large pulses. We evaluate their contribution quantitatively by performing spectrum fitting. By analyzing the PMT dark count spectrum, it becomes possible to roughly estimate the radioactivity levels in the surrounding environment.

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“…These photoelectrons are focussed and accelerated onto the first dynode out of many, where enough energy is gained to release multiple secondary electrons. This emission effect is repeated several times on each of the dynodes in the detector to amplify the number of electrons until they reach the anode, where by this point there are enough electrons to generate a spike in current easily detected by the detection electronics [111]. An advantage of PMTs as single photon detectors include that they typically have a larger active area (∼cm 2 ) of the photocathode, meaning that the fluorescence emission does not require tight focusing for efficient detection in comparison to SPADs [28].…”

Section: Fluorescence Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorescence Guided Surgery

Stewart

Birch

2021

Methods Appl. Fluoresc.

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Fluorescence guided surgery (FGS) is an imaging technique that allows the surgeon to visualise different structures and types of tissue during a surgical procedure that may not be as visible under white light conditions. Due to the many potential advantages of fluorescence guided surgery compared to more traditional clinical imaging techniques such as its higher contrast and sensitivity, less subjective use, and ease of instrument operation, the research interest in fluorescence guided surgery continues to grow over various key aspects such as fluorescent probe development and surgical system development as well as its potential clinical applications. This review looks to summarise some of the emerging opportunities and developments that have already been made in fluorescence guided surgery in recent years while highlighting its advantages as well as limitations that need to be overcome in order to utilise the full potential of fluorescence within the surgical environment.

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Single-Photon Detector Calibration

Cited by 6 publications

References 33 publications

Sub-picosecond photon-efficient 3D imaging using single-photon sensors

Sub-picosecond photon-efficient 3D imaging using single-photon sensors

Dark count of 20-inch PMTs generated by natural radioactivity

Fluorescence Guided Surgery

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