“…Non-marital childbearing is extremely rare and highly stigmatized (Hertog, 2009(Hertog, , 2011Raymo et al, 2015). National surveys on unmarried individuals have consistently and continuously shown that the great majority of singles intend or wish to marry (NIPSSR, 2022b), and numerous studies indicate persistent adherence to the marriage institution (e.g., Atoh, 1989Atoh, , 1994Atoh, , 2001Atoh et al, 2004;Cook, 2013Cook, , 2016aCook, , 2016bCook, , 2016cEndo, 2018;Nakano, 2010Nakano, , 2016Nakano, , 2022Nemoto, 2008;Nemoto et al, 2012;Yoshida, 2010aYoshida, , 2011Yoshida, , 2017.…”