Sintering Behavior of Cadmium‐Doped Pb(Ni_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃–PbZrO₃–PbTiO₃ Ceramics

Abstract

Substituting Cd 2؉ ions into the A and B sites in alead, strontium, etc., is located on the A site; the other, including manganese, iron, zinc, cobalt, nickel, magnesium, etc., may Pb(Ni 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -PbZrO 3 -PbTiO 3 (PNN-PZ-PT) ternary perovskite material made it possible to determine the effects be located on the B site in a complex perovskite. Based on ionic radius, the Cd 2ϩ ion is located on the boundary between the two of the Cd 2؉ ion substitution site on sintering behavior. The substitution site of the Cd 2؉ ion was identified by using groups 7 and, thus, can be substituted for the A-site Pb 2ϩ ion and the B-site Ni 2ϩ ion. Some examples of this phenomenon are X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra. Although Cd 2؉ ions were substituted into the A and B sites in PNN-PZ-PT, CdTiO 3 , Cd(Ni 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 , Pb(Cd 1⁄3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 , and Ba(Cd 1/3 -Nb 2/3 )O 3 , which have a perovskite structure and ferroelectric the Cd 2؉ ions preferred the A site over the B site. When Cd 2؉ ions replaced Pb 2؉ ions, a weight gain was observed properties. Because the ionic radius of the Cd 2ϩ ion is smaller than those of the Pb 2ϩ or Ba 2ϩ ions, CdTiO 3 has low symmetry during sintering. On the other hand, replacing Ni 2؉ ions with Cd 2؉

Effect of dwell time during sintering on piezoelectric properties of (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Ti0.90Zr0.10)O3 lead-free ceramics

“…The average grain size and the density of these ceramics increase with increasing the dwell time due to the grain growth controlled by the boundary diffusion, confirming that the different dwell time can enhance the diffusion mechanism and promote the densification of these ceramics. This result is in agreement with reported results [18][19][20][21]. Therefore, the increase in ε r value can be attributed to the larger grain size of BCTZ ceramics.…”

“…Surprisingly high d 33 values of ∼350-460 pC/N have been reported for the BaTiO 3 ceramics prepared by different sintering techniques [16,17]. In the past, different sintering conditions strongly affect the electrical properties of piezoelectric ceramics [18][19][20][21]. Nevertheless the relationship between microstructure and electrical properties is still lacking for Ca and Zr-modified BaTiO 3 ceramics, where its microstructure is modified by changing the sintering condition (i.e., dwell time during sintering) in this work.…”

Doped Calcium Silicate Ceramics: A New Class of Candidates for Synthetic Bone Substitutes

“…Similar relations have been observed for β-TCP scaffolds [53,54,55,56] and other ceramics [57,58,59] containing various oxide dopants. As shown in Table 2, all dense DCSCs (except hardystonite) had lower porosity compared to α-CS (15.5%) and β-CS (18.6%), indicating enhanced densification in DCSCs which is a key contributor to their improved mechanical strength.…”

Ion size, loading, and charge determine the mechanical properties, surface apatite, and cell growth of silver and tantalum doped calcium silicate

“…Increased densication occurred in the Ag doped samples with increasing addition of Ag as the radius of Ag + ions is larger than that of Ca 2+ . Cho, Park, Kim and Chung 43 found that Cd 2+ as a sintering additive promoted the densication of (Pb 0.52 Ti 0.48 )ZrO 3 ceramics through the replacement of Pb 2+ by Cd 2+ . It is reasonable to speculate that the mechanisms by which Ag induced densication of the CS ceramics, may be related to this nding and that Ag ions cause an increase in crystal dimensions, thereby enhancing the transport of atoms and accelerating the densication of CS ceramics.…”