Sintering of Transparent Conductive Oxides: From Oxide Ceramic Powders to Advanced Optoelectronic Materials

Falk, G.

doi:10.5772/34154

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…(8) One method involves acidifying indium metal, followed by neutralization and precipitation of indium hydroxide, and calcination of indium hydroxide to indium oxide. (9,10) Indium oxide is then blended with tin oxide powder (typically 90% indium oxide and 10% tin oxide by weight) and milled to specification.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of and Occupational Exposure to Indium in the United States

Hines

Roberts

Andrews

et al. 2013

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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Indium use has increased greatly in the past decade in parallel with the growth of flat-panel displays, touchscreens, optoelectronic devices, and photovoltaic cells. Much of this growth has been in the use of indium tin oxide (ITO). This increased use has resulted in more frequent and intense exposure of workers to indium. Starting with case reports and followed by epidemiological studies, exposure to ITO has been linked to serious and sometimes fatal lung disease in workers. Much of this research was conducted in facilities that process sintered ITO, including manufacture, grinding, and indium reclamation from waste material. Little has been known about indium exposure to workers in downstream applications. In 2009–2011, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) contacted 89 potential indium-using companies; 65 (73%) responded, and 43 of the 65 responders used an indium material. Our objective was to identify current workplace applications of indium materials, tasks with potential indium exposure, and exposure controls being used. Air sampling for indium was either conducted by NIOSH or companies provided their data for a total of 63 air samples (41 personal, 22 area) across 10 companies. Indium exposure exceeded the NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.1 mg/m3 for certain methods of resurfacing ITO sputter targets, cleaning sputter chamber interiors, and in manufacturing some inorganic indium compounds. Indium air concentrations were low in sputter target bonding with indium solder, backside thinning and polishing of fabricated indium phosphide-based semiconductor devices, metal alloy production, and in making indium-based solder pastes. Exposure controls such as containment, local exhaust ventilation (LEV), and tool-mounted LEV can be effective at reducing exposure. In conclusion, occupational hygienists should be aware that the manufacture and use of indium materials can result in indium air concentrations that exceed the NIOSH REL. Given recent findings of adverse health effects in workers, research is needed to determine if the current REL sufficiently protects workers against indium-related diseases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ITO targets may be lightly resurfaced between runs to remove nodules formed during sputtering (Falk 2012). (8) ITO targets eventually become “spent” and are returned to suppliers or recyclers for indium reclamation. Electron beam evaporation can also be used to deposit ITO thin films.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of and Occupational Exposure to Indium in the United States

Hines

Roberts

Andrews

et al. 2013

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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“…They attributed the increase in resistance to oxygen diffusion into the ITO lattice reducing the number of oxygen vacancies (V o ) leading to a decrease in the number of free charge carriers and the formation of neutral lattice sites (O X 0 ) hence an increase in specific resistance, see Eq. 1 [36]. At higher annealing temperatures, the loss of free charge carriers is superimposed by better inter-particle contact.…”

Section: Heat Treatment Of Ito Filmsmentioning

confidence: 91%

PVP a binder for the manufacture of ultrathin ITO/polymer nanocomposite films with improved electrical conductivity

et al. 2015

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This paper presents the manufacture of ultrathin (\1 lm) transparent conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) films based on nanoparticulate ITO slurries by the profile rod technique using the binder polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as an organic additive. The influence of the slurry composition on the film thickness and the specific electrical resistance as well as the transmission of the dried films is evaluated. The organic solvent ethanol and different types of the PVP binder were tested for slurry preparation and layer performance. ITO green films with low specific electrical resistance of 3 X cm, 87 % inline transmission, and layer thicknesses of only 250 nm could be manufactured. Furthermore, the influence of heat treatments up to 400°C on the electrical properties of the ITO films was evaluated.

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“…Wendt et al,(2002) O In2O3 puro tem uma densidade de 7,17 g / cm 3 e a densidade teórica da estrutura cúbica é de 7,12 g / cm 3 . A configuração da sub-camada de elétrons dos átomos de índio e oxigênio é a seguinte [60]:…”

Section: Atividade Catalítica E Suportes Para Catalisadoresunclassified

“…Os átomos de índio possuem três elétrons além da configuração eletrônica estável. Segue-se então que, a estequiometria do óxido In2O3 resulta em uma transição de elétrons de In para O e uma estrutura cristalina com íons In 3 + e O -2 na rede[60].Na estrutura do óxido de índio, dependendo do posicionamento relativo das posições estruturais, existem dois sítios de cátions (índio), na célula unitária[58,59,62].Na Figura 4, é demonstrada uma representação esquemática dos dois locais distintos de cátions, que são referidos como b e d, segundo notação internacional [61]. Oito cátions do sítio b têm seis vizinhos aniônicos equidistantes de oxigênio em 2,18 Å. Esses ânions de oxigênio estão aproximadamente nos cantos de um cubo distorcido, com duas vagas de ânions ao longo de uma diagonal do corpo.…”

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Síntese de suportes de eletrocatalisadores para aplicação em células a combustível poliméricas alimentadas por álcoois: óxido de índio dopado com estanho (ITO), óxido de estanho dopado com antimônio (ATO) e óxido de grafeno reduzido (rGO)

Camargo¹

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Sintering of Transparent Conductive Oxides: From Oxide Ceramic Powders to Advanced Optoelectronic Materials

Cited by 8 publications

References 49 publications

Use of and Occupational Exposure to Indium in the United States

Use of and Occupational Exposure to Indium in the United States

PVP a binder for the manufacture of ultrathin ITO/polymer nanocomposite films with improved electrical conductivity

Síntese de suportes de eletrocatalisadores para aplicação em células a combustível poliméricas alimentadas por álcoois: óxido de índio dopado com estanho (ITO), óxido de estanho dopado com antimônio (ATO) e óxido de grafeno reduzido (rGO)

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