Site-resolved imaging of ytterbium atoms in a two-dimensional optical lattice

Miranda, Martin; Inoue, Ryotaro; Okuyama, Yuma; Nakamoto, A.; Kozuma, Mikio

doi:10.1103/physreva.91.063414

Cited by 82 publications

(87 citation statements)

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“…Although direct absorption imaging with short light pulses has been demonstrated for Yb [18], it is not viable for sub-micron single-atom microscopy of alkali atoms. Instead, light scattering must be accompanied with laser cooling.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…However, two important tools have been lacking: imaging and addressing fermionic atoms at the single-site and single-atom level [9]. When applied to bosonic atoms, these tools have already been dramatically successful [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].High-resolution imaging and manipulation of ultracold fermions solves several outstanding problems at once. First, in-situ spatial probes directly reveal the order parameter of insulating phases, magnetic domain formation, and other correlations inaccessible in time-of-flight imaging [13,14,19].…”

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Imaging and addressing of individual fermionic atoms in an optical lattice

et al. 2015

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We demonstrate fluorescence microscopy of individual fermionic potassium atoms in a 527-nmperiod optical lattice. Using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) cooling on the 770.1-nm D1 transition of 40 K, we find that atoms remain at individual sites of a 0.3-mK-deep lattice, with a 1/e pinning lifetime of 67(9) s, while scattering ∼ 10 3 photons per second. The plane to be imaged is isolated using microwave spectroscopy in a magnetic field gradient, and can be chosen at any depth within the three-dimensional lattice. With a similar protocol, we also demonstrate patterned selection within a single lattice plane. High resolution images are acquired using a microscope objective with 0.8 numerical aperture, from which we determine the occupation of lattice sites in the imaging plane with 94(2)% fidelity per atom. Imaging with single-atom sensitivity and addressing with single-site accuracy are key steps towards the search for unconventional superfluidity of fermions in optical lattices, the initialization and characterization of transport and non-equilibrium dynamics, and the observation of magnetic domains.Ultracold fermionic atoms in an optical lattice realize an impurity-free analog of electrons in crystalline materials, with full control of parameters such as interaction strength, dimensionality, and tunneling [1,2]. Furthermore, ultracold systems can study many-body physics in scenarios currently inaccessible to materials, such as gauge fields equivalent to thousands of Tesla [3][4][5], interactions at the unitary limit [6], and quantum manybody physics far from equilibrium [7]. With sufficient control and probes, these experiments can be considered analog quantum simulations [8,9]. However, two important tools have been lacking: imaging and addressing fermionic atoms at the single-site and single-atom level [9]. When applied to bosonic atoms, these tools have already been dramatically successful [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].High-resolution imaging and manipulation of ultracold fermions solves several outstanding problems at once. First, in-situ spatial probes directly reveal the order parameter of insulating phases, magnetic domain formation, and other correlations inaccessible in time-of-flight imaging [13,14,19]. Second, an ensemble of density distributions provides a direct measure of entropy [13,14], extending thermometry of lattice fermions [21]. Third, manipulation of atoms with single-site precision can initiate dynamics [15,16], project or remove disorder [14], and selectively remove high entropy atoms to perform in-situ cooling [22,23].This year, five research groups have succeeded in imaging single fermions in an optical lattice: three using Raman sideband cooling [24][25][26] and two using EIT cooling [27], including the results reported in this Article. Our approach is distinguished by a unique imaging configuration, and takes a further step by implementing threedimensional spatial addressing, which is used here for selective removal of atoms from the lattice. Figure 1 ill...

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Imaging and addressing of individual fermionic atoms in an optical lattice

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“…A major effort is devoted to the realization of the Fermi-Hubbard model at low entropies, believed to capture the essential aspects of high-T c superconductivity [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. For bosonic atoms, a new set of experimental probes ideally suited for the observation of magnetic order and correlations has become available with the advent of quantum-gas microscopes [13][14][15], enabling high-resolution imaging of Hubbardtype lattice systems at the single-atom level. They allowed the direct observation of spatial structures and ordering in the Bose-Hubbard model [14,16] and of the intricate correlations and dynamics in these systems [17,18].…”

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Quantum-Gas Microscope for Fermionic Atoms

et al. 2015

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We realize a quantum-gas microscope for fermionic 40 K atoms trapped in an optical lattice, which allows one to probe strongly correlated fermions at the single-atom level. We combine 3D Raman sideband cooling with high-resolution optics to simultaneously cool and image individual atoms with single-latticesite resolution at a detection fidelity above 95%. The imaging process leaves the atoms predominantly in the 3D motional ground state of their respective lattice sites, inviting the implementation of a Maxwell's demon to assemble low-entropy many-body states. Single-site-resolved imaging of fermions enables the direct observation of magnetic order, time-resolved measurements of the spread of particle correlations, and the detection of many-fermion entanglement. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.193001 PACS numbers: 37.10.De, 03.75.Ss, 37.10.Jk, 67.85.Lm The collective behavior of fermionic particles governs the structure of the elements, the workings of hightemperature superconductors and colossal magnetoresistance materials, and the properties of nuclear matter. Yet our understanding of strongly interacting Fermi systems is limited, due in part to the antisymmetry requirement on the many-fermion wave function and the resulting "fermion sign problem" [1]. In recent years, ultracold atomic quantum gases have enabled quantitative experimental tests of theories of strongly interacting fermions [2][3][4][5]. In particular, fermions trapped in optical lattices can directly simulate the physics of electrons in a crystalline solid, shedding light on novel physical phenomena in materials with strong electron correlations. A major effort is devoted to the realization of the Fermi-Hubbard model at low entropies, believed to capture the essential aspects of high-T c superconductivity [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. For bosonic atoms, a new set of experimental probes ideally suited for the observation of magnetic order and correlations has become available with the advent of quantum-gas microscopes [13][14][15], enabling high-resolution imaging of Hubbardtype lattice systems at the single-atom level. They allowed the direct observation of spatial structures and ordering in the Bose-Hubbard model [14,16] and of the intricate correlations and dynamics in these systems [17,18]. A longstanding goal has been to realize such a quantum-gas microscope for fermionic atoms. This would enable the direct probing and control at the single-lattice-site level of strongly correlated fermion systems, in particular the Fermi-Hubbard model, in regimes that cannot be described by current theories. These prospects have sparked significant experimental efforts to realize site-resolved, highfidelity imaging of ultracold fermions, but this goal has so far remained elusive.In the present work, we realize a quantum-gas microscope for fermionic 40 K atoms by combining 3D Raman sideband cooling with a high-resolution imaging system. The imaging setup incorporates a hemispherical solid immersion lens optically contacted to the vacuum window [ Fig. 1(a)]. In ...

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“…The mass current can be experimentally obtained from the time derivative of the density profile [82][83][84][85][86]. In order to observe the quasi-steady states, one may need at least 30 lattice sites [87,88].…”

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Quantification of the memory effect of steady-state currents from interaction-induced transport in quantum systems

Lai

Chien

2017

Phys. Rev. A

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Dynamics of a system in general depends on its initial state and how the system is driven, but in many-body systems the memory is usually averaged out during evolution. Here, interacting quantum systems without external relaxations are shown to retain long-time memory effects in steady states. To identify memory effects, we first show quasi-steady state currents form in finite, isolated Bose and Fermi Hubbard models driven by interaction imbalance and they become steady-state currents in the thermodynamic limit. By comparing the steady state currents from different initial states or ramping rates of the imbalance, long-time memory effects can be quantified. While the memory effects of initial states are more ubiquitous, the memory effects of switching protocols are mostly visible in interaction-induced transport in lattices. Our simulations suggest the systems enter a regime governed by a generalized Fick's law and memory effects lead to initial-state dependent diffusion coefficients. We also identify conditions for enhancing memory effects and discuss possible experimental implications.

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Site-resolved imaging of ytterbium atoms in a two-dimensional optical lattice

Cited by 82 publications

References 30 publications

Imaging and addressing of individual fermionic atoms in an optical lattice

Imaging and addressing of individual fermionic atoms in an optical lattice

Quantum-Gas Microscope for Fermionic Atoms

Quantification of the memory effect of steady-state currents from interaction-induced transport in quantum systems

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