“…The GIA is commonly used for solving problems in engineering (KokociĆska et al ., 2020), natural and social sciences (Nowak et al ., 2020). Example applications of GIA models in the recent years include: service quality analysis in healthcare (Javed and Liu, 2018), the Industry 4.0 research (Fahim et al ., 2021), green supplier selection (Quan et al ., 2018), project management (Javed and Liu, 2019), grain production (Zhang et al ., 2021), research on the effect of electrification on the level of economic development (Nowak et al ., 2021), research on the development of science and technology (Wei and Wu, 2016), research on sustainable development (Yi et al ., 2021; Kaswan and Rathi, 2021), research on social media (Weng et al ., 2021), research on customer satisfaction (Peng et al ., 2021; Xiang, 2022), business performance analysis (Ć krinjariÄ and Ć ego, 2021; EllibeĆ and Candan, 2021), corporate social responsibility analysis (Diaz and Nguyen, 2021), quality management (Valmohammadi et al ., 2021), or financial management (Ramezani, 2022). In general terms, within the relational analysis in the grey system theory, we distinguish distance-, surface-, and panel-based models (Liu et al.…”